Eight point one. CLASSICAL IDEA OF REDOX REACTIONS - OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS
Problem Eight point two Justify that the reaction: Two Na (s) plus H two (g) right arrow two NaH (s) is a redox change.
Eight point two point one Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
Eight point three. Oxidation Number
Eight point three point one Types of Redox Reactions
Three. Displacement reactions
Suggest a scheme of classification of the following redox reactions
The Paradox of Fractional Oxidation Number
Eight point three point two Balancing of Redox Reactions
Eight point three point three Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations
Eight point three point four Limitations of Concept of Oxidation Number
Eight point four REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTRODE PROCESSES
Eight point one. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
Eight point three. Justify that the following reactions are redox reactions:
Eight point six. Write formulas for the following compounds:
Eight point nine. Consider the reactions:
Eight point twelve. How do you count for the following observations?
Eight point thirteen. Identify the substance oxidized, reduced, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent for each of the following reactions.
Eight point seventeen. Consider the reactions.
Eight point eighteen. Balance the following redox reactions by ion-electron method.
(a) Identify the element that exhibits only negative oxidation state.
(c) Identify the element that exhibits both positive and negative oxidation states.
Nine point one POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
Nine point two DIHYDROGEN, H two
Nine point two point two Isotopes of Hydrogen
Nine point three point two. Commercial Production of Dihydrogen
Nine point four. PROPERTIES OF DIHYDROGEN
Nine point four point two. Chemical Properties
Nine point four point three Uses of Dihydrogen
Nine point five point one Ionic or Saline Hydrides
Nine point five point two Covalent or Molecular Hydride
Nine point five point three Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial ) Hydrides
Nine point six point one. Physical Properties of Water
Nine point six point two. Structure of Water
Nine point six point three. Structure of Ice
Nine point six point four. Chemical Properties of Water
Nine point six point five. Hard and Soft Water
Nine point six point six Temporary Hardness
Nine point six point seven Permanent Hardness
Nine point seven HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H two O two)
Nine point seven point one Preparation
Nine point seven point two Physical Properties
Nine point seven point three Structure
Nine point seven point four Chemical Properties
Nine point seven point five Storage
Nine point seven point six Uses
Nine point eight Heavy Water, D two O
Nine point seven. Discuss the consequences of high enthalpy of H-H bond in terms of chemical reactivity of dihydrogen.
Nine point seventeen. Compare the structures of H two O and H two O two.
Nine point twenty-one. Describe the structure of the common form of ice.
Nine point thirty-six. What do you understand by the terms:
Ten point one. GROUP ONE ELEMENTS: ALKALI METALS
Ten point one point one. Electronic Configuration
Ten point one point two. Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ten point one point three. Ionization Enthalpy
Ten point one point four. Hydration Enthalpy
Ten point one point five. Physical Properties
Ten point one point six. Chemical Properties
Ten point one point seven Uses
Ten point two General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals
Ten point two point one Oxides and Hydroxides
Ten point two point two Halides
Ten point two point three Salts of Oxo-Acids
Ten point three ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM
Ten point three point one Points of Difference between Lithium and other Alkali Metals
Ten point three point two Points of Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium
Ten point four Some Important Compounds of Sodium
Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda), Na two CO three. ten H two O
Sodium Hydrogencarbonate (Baking Soda), NaHCO three
Ten point five. Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium
Ten point six. Group Two Elements: Alkaline Earth Metals
Ten point six point one. Electronic Configuration
Ten point six point two. Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ten point six point three. Ionization Enthalpies
Ten point six point four. Hydration Enthalpies
Ten point six point five. Physical Properties
Ten point six point six. Chemical Properties
Ten point six point seven Uses
Ten point seven General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals.
Ten point eight Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
Ten point eight point one Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium
Ten point nine Some Important Compounds of Calcium
Calcium Oxide or Quick Lime, CaO
Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)2
Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris), calcium sulfate half H two O
Ten point ten BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
Ten point two Discuss the general characteristics and gradation in properties of alkaline earth metals.
Ten point four Find out the oxidation state of sodium in Na two O two.
Ten point eight. Explain why can alkali and alkaline earth metals not be obtained by chemical reduction methods?
Ten point twelve. Discuss the various reactions that occur in the Solvay process.
Ten point fourteen. Why is lithium carbonate decomposed at a lower temperature whereas sodium carbonate at higher temperature?
Ten point eighteen. Describe two important uses of each of the following : (i) caustic soda (ii) sodium carbonate (iii) quicklime.
Ten point twenty-two. Why are lithium salts commonly hydrated and those of the other alkali ions usually anhydrous?
Ten point twenty-four. Explain the significance of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium in biological fluids.
Ten point twenty-seven. State as to why
Ten point twenty-eight. Write balanced equations for reactions between
Ten point twenty-nine. How would you explain the following observations?
Ten point thirty. Which of the alkali metal is having least melting point ?
Ten point thirty-one. Which one of the following alkali metals gives hydrated salts ? (a) Lithium (b) Sodium (c) Potassium (d) Caesium
Eleven point one. GROUP THIRTEEN ELEMENTS: THE BORON FAMILY
Eleven point one point one. Electronic Configuration
Eleven point one point two. Atomic Radii
Eleven point one point three. Ionization Enthalpy
Eleven point one point four. Electronegativity
Eleven point one point five. Physical Properties
Eleven point one point six. Chemical Properties
(iii) Reactivity towards halogens
Eleven point two IMPORTANT TRENDS AND ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF BORON
Problem eleven point three
Eleven point three Some important compounds of boron
Eleven point three point one Borax
Eleven point three point two Orthoboric acid
Problem eleven point four
Eleven point three point three Diborane
Eleven point four. Uses of boron and aluminium and their compounds
Eleven point five. Group fourteen elements: the carbon family
Eleven point five point one. Electronic configuration
Eleven point five point two. Covalent radius
Eleven point five point three. Ionization enthalpy
Eleven point five point four. Electronegativity
Eleven point five point five. Physical Properties
Eleven point five point six. Chemical Properties
(i) Reactivity towards oxygen
(ii) Reactivity towards water
(three) Reactivity towards halogen
Eleven point six. Important trends and
Eleven point seven. Allotropes of carbon
Eleven point seven point one. Diamond
Eleven point seven point two. Graphite
Eleven point seven point three. Fullerenes
Eleven point seven point four. Uses of Carbon
Eleven point eight. Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
Eleven point eight point one. Carbon Monoxide
Eleven point eight point two. Carbon Dioxide
Eleven point eight point three Silicon Dioxide, SiO two
Eleven point eight point four Silicones
Eleven point eight point five Silicates
Eleven point eight point six Zeolites
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
Twelve point one. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Twelve point two. TETRAVALENCE OF CARBON: SHAPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Twelve point two point two. Some Characteristic Features of Pi Bonds
Twelve point three Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
Problem twelve point five
Twelve point three point two Three-Dimensional
Twelve point four Classification of Organic Compounds
Twelve point five. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
Twelve point five point two. IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
Problem twelve point eight
Problem twelve point nine
Twelve point five point four Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene Compounds
Twelve point six point one Structural Isomerism
Twelve point six point two Stereoisomerism
Twelve point seven Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
Twelve point seven point one Fission of a Covalent Bond
Twelve point seven point two Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
Problem twelve point twelve
Twelve point seven point three Electron Movement in Organic Reactions
Twelve point seven point four Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds
Twelve point seven point five Inductive Effect
Twelve point seven point six Resonance Structure
Problem twelve point sixteen
Problem twelve point seventeen
Twelve point seven point seven Resonance Effect
Twelve point seven point eight Electromeric Effect (E effect)
Twelve point seven point nine Hyperconjugation
Problem twelve point nineteen
Twelve point seven point ten Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms
Twelve point eight Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
Twelve point eight point one Sublimation
Twelve point eight point two Crystallisation
Twelve point eight point three Distillation
Twelve point eight point four Differential Extraction
Twelve point eight point five Chromatography
Twelve point nine Qualitative Analysis Organic Compounds
Twelve point nine point two Detection of Other Elements
Twelve point ten QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Twelve point ten point one Carbon and Hydrogen
Twelve point ten point two Nitrogen
Problem twelve point twenty-one
Problem twelve point two two.
Twelve point one zero point three Halogens
Twelve point one zero point four Sulphur
Twelve point one zero point five Phosphorus
Twelve point ten point six Oxygen
Twelve point three Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, two, three-Dimethyl butanal, Heptan-four-one.
Twelve point seven Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for :
Twelve point eight Identify the functional groups in the following compounds
Twelve point nine Which of the two: O,N-CH, CH,O- or CH three CH two O- is expected to be more stable and why ?
Twelve point eleven. Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.
Twelve point twelve. What are electrophiles and nucleophiles? Explain with examples.
Twelve point fourteen. Classify the following reactions in one of the reaction type studied in this unit.
Twelve point eighteen. Give a brief description of the principles of the following techniques taking an example in each case.
Twelve point nineteen. Describe the method, which can be used to separate two compounds with different solubilities in a solvent S.
Twelve point twenty-one. Discuss the chemistry of Lassaigne's test.
Twelve point twenty-three. Discuss the principle of estimation of halogens, sulphur and phosphorus present in an organic compound.
Twelve point twenty-five. Why is nitric acid added to sodium extract before adding silver nitrate for testing halogens?
Twelve point twenty-seven. Name a suitable technique of separation of the components from a mixture of calcium sulphate and camphor.
Twelve point twenty-nine. Will C C fourteen give white precipitate of A g C l on heating it with silver nitrate? Give reason for your answer.
Twelve point thirty-eight.
Twelve point thirty-nine. The best and latest technique for isolation, purification and separation of organic compounds is:
Thirteen point one. Classification
Thirteen point two. Alkanes
Thirteen point two point one. Nomenclature and Isomerism
Problem thirteen point two
Problem thirteen point three
Problem thirteen point five
thirteen point two point two Preparation
Three. From carboxylic acids
Problem thirteen point six
Thirteen point two point three Properties
reducing agents. However, they undergo the following reactions under certain conditions.
Three. Controlled oxidation
Thirteen point two point four Conformations
One. Sawhorse projections
Thirteen point three Alkenes
Thirteen point three point one Structure of Double Bond
Thirteen point three point two Nomenclature
Problem thirteen point seven
Thirteen point three point three Isomerism
Thirteen point three point four Preparation
Thirteen point three point five Properties
Problem thirteen point twelve
Thirteen point four ALKYNES
Thirteen point four point one Nomenclature and Isomerism
Problem thirteen point thirteen
Thirteen point four point two Structure of Triple Bond
Thirteen point four point three Preparation
Thirteen point four point four Properties
one. Addition of dihydrogen
two. Addition of halogens
(iii) Addition of hydrogen halides
Thirteen point five AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
Thirteen point five point one Nomenclature and Isomerism
Thirteen point five point two Structure of Benzene
FRIEDRICH AUGUST KEKULÉ (seventh September eighteen twenty-nine-thirteenth July eighteen ninety-six)
Resonance and stability of benzene
Thirteen point five point three Aromaticity
Thirteen point five point four Preparation of Benzene
Thirteen point five point five Properties
Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions:
Thirteen point five point six Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene.
Thirteen point six CARCINOGENICITY AND TOXICITY.
Thirteen point one How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
Thirteen point four Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:
Thirteen point five An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-three-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of 'A'.
Thirteen point seven. Propanal and pentan-three-one are the ozonolysis products of an alkene? What is the structural formula of the alkene?
Thirteen point nine. Draw the cis and trans structures of hex-two-ene. Which isomer will have higher boiling point and why?
Thirteen point eleven. What are the necessary conditions for any system to be aromatic?
Thirteen point thirteen. How will you convert benzene into
Thirteen point eighteen. Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give reason for this behaviour.
Thirteen point twenty. How would you convert the following compounds into benzene? (i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene (iii) Hexane
Thirteen point twenty-two. Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile, E plus.
Thirteen point twenty-three. Out of benzene, meta-dinitrobenzene and toluene which will undergo nitration most easily and why?
Fourteen point one. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Fourteen point two. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Fourteen point two point one. Tropospheric Pollution
One. Gaseous air pollutants
Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect
Two. Particulate Pollutants
Non-viable particulates may be classified according to their nature and size as follows:
Formation of photochemical smog
Effects of photochemical smog
How can photochemical smog be controlled ?
Fourteen point two point two Stratospheric Pollution
Fourteen point three Water Pollution
Fourteen point three point one Causes of Water Pollution
Fourteen point three point two International Standards for Drinking Water
Fourteen point four Soil Pollution
Fourteen point four point one Pesticides
Fourteen point five. Industrial Waste
Fourteen point six. Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution
Fourteen point six point one. Waste Management
Fourteen point seven. Green Chemistry
Nobel goes to Green Chemists
Fourteen point seven point two Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life (i) Dry Cleaning of Clothes