Basic Biomedical Sciences I Case Two: Eat-All-You-Can

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Basic Biomedical Sciences I Case Two: Eat-All-You-Can

EMBRYONIC DERIVATIVES OF THE MIDGUT

The Midgut

Part of the gut tube that will eventually form the small intestine (distal to the opening of the bile duct), and the proximal colon (including the cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, and the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon).

The Superior Mesenteric Artery and its branches

Supply the midgut and all its derivatives.

Useful to note that the anastomosis between the circulation of the foregut (via the celiac trunk) and the midgut is well-developed.

However, the anastomosis between the circulation of the midgut and the hindgut (via the Inferior Mesenteric Artery) is poorly developed, and results in a watershed area involving the transverse colon at the splenic flexure.

This part of the colon is therefore prone to ischemia if the IMA is occluded.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDGUT

Superior Limb of the Midgut Loop

Inferior Limb of the Midgut Loop

SMALL INTESTINES

ANATOMIC STRUCTURES AND ITS RELATIONS

Jejunum

HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURES

Mucosa

CELLS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA

GOBLET CELLS

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

PANETH CELLS

CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN AND CELL TURNOVER

LAMINA PROPRIA

TWO KINDS OF MAST CELLS

Atypical Mast Cells (Mucosal Mast Cells)

IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF LUMINAL ANTIGENS

SECRETORY IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE INTESTINE

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

SUBMUCOSA

SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS (BRUNNER'S GLAND)

MUSCULARIS

SEROSA

BLOOD VESSEL OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT

LYMPH VESSELS OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT

NERVES OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT

CELLS OF THE GANGLIA

DEEP MUSCULAR PLEXUS

MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

MIXING CONTRACTIONS (SEGMENTATION CONTRACTIONS)

PROPULSIVE MOVEMENTS

CONTROL OF PERISTALSIS

PROPULSIVE EFFECT OF THE SEGMENTATION MOVEMENTS

PERISTALTIC RUSH

ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION

EMBRYONIC DERIVATIVES OF THE LIVER, BILIARY TREE AND THE PANCREAS

Right Lobe

Quadrate Lobe

Caudate Lobe

PERITONEAL LIGAMENTS

Falciform Ligament

Coronary Ligament

Left Triangular Ligament

Right Triangular Ligament

Lesser Omentum

SURFACES

Superior Surface

Anterior Surface

Right Surface

Posterior Surface

Inferior Surface

HEPATIC VESSELS

Hepatic Artery

Hepatic Veins

Portal Vein

Deep Hepatic Lymphatics

INNERVATION OF THE LIVER

HISTOLOGY OF THE LIVER

HEPATIC LYMPHATIC VESSELS

SUPERFICIAL HEPATIC VESSELS

BLOOD SUPPLY

HEPATIC SINUSOIDS

KUPFFER CELLS

PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE

ZONATION WITHIN THE LOBULE

CYTOLOGY OF HEPATOCYTES

NUCLEUS

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

MITOCHONDRIA

GOLGI COMPLEX

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPID

CYTOSKELETON

CELL MEMBRANE

HEPATIC DUCTS

PERIPHERY OF THE CLASSICAL HEPATIC LOBULE

EXTRAHEPATIC PORTION OF THE DUCT SYSTEM

CONNECTIVE TISSUE STROMA

PARTS OF THE GALLBLADDER

CYSTIC DUCT

BILE DUCT

VESSELS

INNERVATION

HISTOLOGY

EPITHELIUM

LAMINA PROPRIA

MUSCULARIS LAYER

PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF BILIARY SECRETION AND ITS REGULATION

BILE

STORAGE AND CONCENTRATION OF BILE IN THE GALLBLADDER

EMPTYING THE GALLBLADDER

BILIRUBIN FORMATION AND EXCRETION

PANCREAS

RELATIONS OF THE PANCREAS

HEAD

ANTERIOR SURFACE

POSTERIOR SURFACE

NECK

BODY

Posterior Surface

Inferior Surface

Superior Border

Anterior Border

Inferior Border

TAIL

MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT

SURFACE ANATOMY

PANCREATIC MICROSTRUCTURE

EXOCRINE PANCREAS ACINAR TISSUE

DUCT SYSTEM

EXOCRINE BLOOD VESSELS

EXOCRINE LYMPHATICS

EXOCRINE NERVE SUPPLY

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS

ENDOCRINE BLOOD VESSELS

ENDOCRINE NERVE SUPPLY

FUNCTIONS OF THE PANCREAS

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND ITS REGULATION

SECRETION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR PREVENTS DIGESTION OF THE PANCREAS ITSELF

BASIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

SECRETION OF MUCUS BY BRUNNER'S GLANDS

SECRETION OF THE INTESTINAL DIGESTIVE JUICES BY THE CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

REGULATION OF SMALL INTESTINAL SECRETION

. Hormonal Regulation

DIGESTION OF VARIOUS FOOD

DIGESTION BY PANCREATIC AMYLASE

HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES AND SMALL GLUCOSE POLYMERS INTO MONOSACCHARIDES

Starches

BY PANCREATIC SECRETIONS

BY PEPTIDASES IN THE ENTEROCYTES

DIGESTION OF FATS

EMULSIFICATION OF FAT BY BILE AND LECITHIN

DIGESTION OF TRIGLYCERIDES BY PANCREATIC LIPASE

ROLE OF BILE SALTS IN ACCELERATING FAT DIGESTION - FORMATION OF MICELLES

DIGESTION OF CHOLESTEROL AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS

BASIC MECHANISMS OF ABSORPTION

ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

ABSORPTION OF WATER ISOSMOTIC ABSORPTION

ABSORPTION OF IONS

ABSORPTION OF CHLORIDE IONS IN THE DUODENUM AND JEJUNUM

ABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE IONS IN THE DUODENUM AND JEJUNUM

ABSORPTION OF OTHER IONS

ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Glucose Transport By Sodium Co-Transport Mechanism

ABSORPTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES

ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS

ABSORPTION OF FATS

Direct Absorption of Fatty Acids Into the Portal Blood

Overview

This document provides a comprehensive overview of the midgut's embryonic development and its anatomical structures in the context of the small intestine. It emphasizes the significance of various developmental stages and histological features vital for understanding intestinal anatomy and function.

Key Points

1The midgut develops through elongation and physiological umbilical herniation
2The midgut loop undergoes significant rotation determining the final positioning of intestinal derivatives
3Histological features enhance the absorptive capacity of the small intestine
4Goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells are crucial for intestinal function
5Failure in midgut recanalization can lead to duodenal atresia.

Details

Category: Biology and Natural Sciences

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