Biochemistry: Proteins and Enzymes

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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Biochemistry

Chapter Two: Proteins and Chapter Three: Enzymes S C I Min two twenty-seven: Biochemistry Lecture Schedule: T Th eight thirty am - ten am Section: B S E D Science two two and two B

Organized Content

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INTRODUCTION

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Two point two. PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Figure two. A small peptide showing the direction of the peptide chain (N-terminal to C-terminal)

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Two point three. STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS

One. Basic Structure of Amino Acids

Two. Formation of Polypeptide Chain

Three. Types of Amino Acids

Four. Forces That Shape Protein Structure

Two point four. PEPTIDE FORMATION

Two point five. LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION

Two. Secondary Structure

Three. Tertiary Structure

Four. Quaternary Structure

Two point six. CLASSIFICATION, BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND TESTS FOR PROTEINS

Biological Functions of Proteins

Tests for Proteins

Specific Test for Amino acid chains

Quantitative Methods

Two point seven. Definition, Types, Stages and Biological Importance of Proteins

What Makes Up a Protein?

Major Types of Proteins and Its Functions

Biological Importance and Function of Protein

Protein Metabolism

Stages of Protein

Two. Amino Acid Utilization

Three. Amino Acid Degradation and Excretion

Two point eight. Digestion and Absorption of Proteins

Process of Digestion and Absorption

Two. Digestion in the Small Intestine

Three. Absorption in the Small Intestine

Summary and Importance

Two point nine. Disease Related to Proteins

One. Kwashiorkor

Treatment:

Two. Marasmus

Treatment

Three. Alzheimer

Symptoms:

Middle Stage:

Late Stage:

Treatment:

Four. Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Symptoms

Treatment:

Five. Sickle Cell Disease

Symptoms

Six. Cystic Fibrosis

Symptoms:

Digestive System:

Treatment

Seven. Gout (High Protein Metabolism Byproduct)

Symptoms

Treatment:

Two point ten RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING PROTEIN AND METABOLISM One. CRISPR-Cas nine

Two. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

WEARABLE SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR METABOLIC MONITORING

Four. Deep Brain Stimulation (D B S)

Five. Positron Emission Tomography (P E T)

Six. Liver Transplantation

Seven. GLP-one Receptor Agonists

Eight. Sephience

ENZYMES

Three point one. Chemical Nature of Enzymes

What are they made of?

Peptide Bond

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Three point two CONCEPT OF CHEMICAL CATALYSTS

EXAMPLE:

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Mechanism of Catalysis

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Three point three CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF ENZYMES

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Nomenclature of Enzymes

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Three point four. FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYMES ACTIVITY

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Enzyme concentration

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The effect of enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on reaction rate

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Competitive Inhibition

Non-Competitive Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Example

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What an enzyme is?

Enzymes as Biocatalysts

Physical Properties of enzymes

General properties of enzymes

Two. Specificity

Three. Reversibility

Four. Sensitiveness to Heat and Temperature

Five. Specific to Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)

pH Effects Enzyme Activity

pH Effects Substrates

Three point six. Diseases Related to Enzymes

Hurler Syndrome

Three point seven RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS

Enzymes and Applications

Overview

The document serves as an educational resource on proteins and enzymes, exploring their diverse roles in living organisms, structure and properties, and the impact of amino acid interactions. It provides insights into protein metabolism and the implications of protein dysfunction on health.

Key Points

1Proteins play a crucial role in nearly every biological process
2The structure of proteins determines their unique functions
3Amino acids exhibit amphoteric properties, impacting protein behavior
4The isoelectric point affects protein solubility and purification techniques
5Recent research enhances understanding of protein-related diseases and health.

Details

Category: Biology and Natural Sciences

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