CLASS eleventh - BIOLOGY BANK OF BIOLOGY

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CLASS eleventh - BIOLOGY BANK OF BIOLOGY

One. THE LIVING WORLD

Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules, expressing through chemical reactions which lead to growth, development, responsiveness, adaptation and reproduction.

A living organism is self-replicating, evolving and self-regulating interactive system capable of responding to external stimuli.

PROPERTIES OF LIVING ORGANISMS

One. Growth

. It is the increase in number and mass of cells by cell division.

· In plants, growth continues throughout their lifespan.

· In animals, growth is only up to a certain age. However, cell division occurs to replace lost cells.

· Basically, growth is the increase in mass and size. Thus non-living objects also grow (surface accumulation of material). So growth is not a defining property of living organisms.

· In living organisms, growth is from inside.

Two. Reproduction

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

Basic processes of taxonomy

Universal rules of Binomial nomenclature

Three. Metabolism

Four. Cellular organization

Five. Consciousness

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

Kingdom one

Taxonomic

Species

Genus: It is the aggregates of closely related species.

TAXONOMICAL AIDS

b. Botanical gardens

- Famous botanical gardens:

c. Biological Museum

d. Zoological Parks (Zoos)

e. Key

Flora, manuals, monographs and catalogues

MODEL QUESTIONS

a. Monera: Kingdom

b. Botanical nomenclature: ICBN Zoological nomenclature:

Three. Re-arrange the following in the descending order: Genus - order - kingdom - family - phylum - species - class

Five. Fill up the table

Seven. Complete the table

Characteristics of the five kingdoms

One. Archaebacteria

Five Kingdom Classification

Three. KINGDOM FUNGI

- Hyphae are two types:

Reproduction:

One. Phycomycetes

One. Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi)

Four. KINGDOM PLANTAE (PLANT KINGDOM)

Two. Ascomycetes (sac-fungi)

Five. KINGDOM ANIMALIA (ANIMAL KINGDOM)

VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS

MODEL QUESTIONS

Three. PLANT KINGDOM

One. Artificial classification systems

Three. Phylogenetic classification systems

GYMNOSPERMS

REPRODUCTION:

ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)

REPRODUCTION:

Plant life cycles and alternation of generations

Patterns of plant life cycles

Model questions

Four. Animal kingdom

Basis of classification

Two. Body symmetry

Three. Germinal layers (Embryonic layers)

Four. Coelom (body cavity)

Five. Metamerism (segmentation)

Six. Notochord

Features

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Differences between Chordata and Non-Chordata

SUPERCLASS PISCES (FISHES)

MODEL QUESTIONS

Seven. Observe the following diagram.

THE STEM

THE FLOWER AND THE INFLORESCENCE

THE FLOWER

d) Gynoecium (Pistil)

THE SEED

Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed

SEMI-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL FLOWERING PLANT

SOME IMPORTANT FAMILIES

Vegetative Characters:

Floral characters:

Economic importance:

Two. Solanaceae (Potato family)

Vegetative Characters:

Floral Characters:

Economic Importance:

Three. Lilaceae (Lily family)

Vegetative characters:

MODEL QUESTIONS

Six. ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

THE TISSUES

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES (MERISTEMS)

PERMANENT (MATURE) TISSUES

One. Simple Permanent Tissues

Two. Complex Permanent Tissues

Two types: Xylem and Phloem.

b. Phloem (Bast)

THE TISSUE SYSTEM

One. Epidermal Tissue System

Epidermis

SECONDARY GROWTH

Vascular Cambium

Formation of cambial ring

Activity of the cambial ring

Secondary growth in a dicot stem - stages in transverse views

Heartwood and sapwood

Cork Cambium

Secondary Growth in Roots

MODEL QUESTIONS

Two. Analyze the table and arrange them in an appropriate order

Four. Identify the type of vascular bundle.

Five. Vascular bundles of a plant are conjoint, collateral and open.

ORIGIN OF LIFE

One. Paleontological evidences

Significance of fossils:

Two. Morphological and Anatomical evidences

These are the organs having similar function but different structure and origin. This phenomenon is called Analogy. For example,

Five. Embryological evidences

MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE

Factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION

One. Proterozoic era: two thousand five hundred to five hundred forty-one million years ago

Two. Palaeozoic era (five hundred forty to two hundred fifty-two million years ago)

Three. Mesozoic era, two hundred fifty-two to sixty-six million years ago.

Four. Cenozoic era (sixty-six to zero million years ago)

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN

MODEL QUESTIONS

Seven. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

Two. Compound epithelium

Two. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MORPHOLOGY and ANATOMY OF COCKROACH

Respiratory system

Excretory system

Nervous system

Reproductive system

Male reproductive system:

Female reproductive system:

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF COCKROACH

MODEL QUESTIONS

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF EARTHWORM

ANATOMY OF EARTHWORM

Circulatory system (blood vascular system)

Respiratory system

Excretory organs are segmentally arranged tubules called nephridia. They are three types:

Nervous system

· Sensory system: Includes

Reproductive system

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FROG

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Circulatory system

Excretory system

Control and co-ordination Endocrine system

Nervous system

- Sense organs include organs of

Reproductive system

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Eight. CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE

Cell organelles in prokaryotic cells

Two. Mesosomes and Chromatophores (Membranous structures)

Three. Nucleoid

Four. Flagella

Five. Pili and Fimbriae

Six. Ribosomes

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Types of Transport

Two. Cell Wall

Three. Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Four. Mitochondria

Five. Plastids

Chloroplasts:

Six. Ribosomes

Eight. Cilia and Flagella

Nine. Centrosome and Centrioles

Ten. Nucleus

Nine. BIOMOLECULES

ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN A TISSUE

Analysis of inorganic compounds

BIOMICROMOLECULES (MICROMOLECULES OR BIOMOLECULES)

Types of lipids

BIOMACROMOLECULES (MACROMOLECULES)

Two. POLYSACCHARIDES (COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES)

Secondary structure of DNA (Watson-Crick Double Helix Model)

METABOLISM

ENZYMES

Chemical Reactions

Nature of enzyme action (catalytic cycle)

How do Enzymes Speed up a chemical Reaction? (Concept of activation energy)

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Classification and nomenclature of enzymes

Co-factors

Co-factors are three types:

MODEL QUESTIONS

Three. Fill in the blanks marked as a, b, c and d.

Ten. Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cytokinesis

Significance of meiosis

MODEL QUESTIONS

Thirteen. Photosynthesis

EXPERIMENTS RELATED WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Two. Half-leaf experiment

EARLY EXPERIMENTS

Experiments by Jan Ingenhousz (seventeen thirty to seventeen ninety-nine)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: SITE AND PIGMENTS

Ultimately, all living forms depend on sunlight for energy. Importance of Photosynthesis

Experiments by Julius von Sachs

Experiments by T.W Engelmann

Experiments by Cornelius van Niel

PIGMENTS INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Accessory pigments

Absorbance of light by chloroplast pigments

LIGHT REACTION (PHOTOCHEMICAL PHASE)

The Electron Transport

Splitting of Water (Photolysis)

Photo-phosphorylation

Carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis is two types:

C four PATHWAY (HATCH AND SLACK PATHWAY)

Steps of Hatch and Slack Pathway

PHOTORESPIRATION

Differences between C three and C four plants

Carbon dioxide Concentration

Temperature

Water

GLYCOLYSIS, EMP PATHWAY

FERMENTATION, ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

THE RESPIRATORY BALANCE SHEET

Comparison between fermentation and aerobic respiration

GROWTH

Phases of Growth

Geometrical growth:

DIFFERENTIATION, DEDIFFERENTIATION, AND REDIFFERENTIATION

DEVELOPMENT

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS, PLANT HORMONES, OR PHYTOHORMONES

One. Auxins

Types of Auxins:

Functions of auxins:

Two. Gibberellins

Four. Ethylene, C two H four.

One. PHOTOPERIODISM

Seventeen. BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

RESPIRATORY ORGANS

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

MECHANISM OF BREATHING (INSPIRATION & EXPIRATION)

Two. Lungs

Steps of respiration

b. Expiration

Respiratory volumes and capacities

GAS EXCHANGE

One. Oxygen TRANSPORT

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

Eighteen. Body fluids and circulation

Circulatory pathways

Human circulatory system

Types of white blood cells: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes One. Granulocytes

Two. Agranulocytes

Platelets (Thrombocytes):

Blood coagulation

Two. Rh grouping

Erythroblastosis foetalis

Two. Blood vessels

Three. Heart

CARDIAC CYCLE

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HEART

ELECTROCARDIOGRA

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

REGULATION OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY

Functions of lymph

Nineteen. Excretory products and their elimination

Types of excretion

Human excretory system

Some excretory organs in animals

Types of nephrons

Urine formation (physiology of kidney)

One. Glomerular filtration (ultrafiltration)

Two. Reabsorption

Three. Tubular Secretion

Mechanism of concentration of the filtrate

MICTURITION

REGULATION OF THE KIDNEY FUNCTION

Role of Lungs, liver and skin in Excretion

MODEL QUESTIONS

Twenty. Locomotion and Movement

Types of movement in human being

HUMAN MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Two. Appendicular skeletal system (one hundred twenty-six bones)

DISORDERS OF MUSCULAR and SKELETAL SYSTEMS

b. Bones of hind-limbs

MODEL QUESTIONS

GENERATION and CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSES

Two. Action Potential

Three. Propagation of action potential

Synaptic transmission of impulses

One. Electrical synapses

Two. Chemical synapses

HUMAN NERVOUS (NEURAL) SYSTEM

b. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

c. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

B. SPINAL CORD

Functions:

PERIPHERAL NEURAL SYSTEM (PNS)

External ear

DE

Inner ear

Cochlea, organ of hearing:

Mechanism of hearing

MODEL QUESTIONS

Fore-brain

SKIN, Cutaneous receptors

Twenty-two. CHEMICAL CO-ORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

HUMAN ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Eight. PANCREAS, ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

Nine. TESTIS, MALE GONAD

Functions of androgens:

Ten. OVARY (FEMALE GONAD)

HORMONES OF HEART, KIDNEY & GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

Hormone receptors are two types:

Functions of Estrogen:

Functions of Progesterone:

Based on the chemical nature, hormones are various types:

MODEL QUESTIONS

Overview

The document presents key concepts and details related to the study of biology for class eleven students, including the characteristics of living organisms, biodiversity, and various taxonomic classifications. It aims to enhance students' understanding of biological systems and classifications.

Key Points

1Living organisms are defined by unique characteristics like growth, reproduction, metabolism, and cellular organization
2Taxonomy involves the classification and naming of organisms to reflect their relationships and characteristics
3Key taxonomic aids include herbariums, botanical gardens, and biological museums for study and reference
4The five kingdoms of life as proposed by Whittaker include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
5Understanding binomial nomenclature is crucial for the consistent identification of species worldwide

Details

Category: Biology and Natural Sciences

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