sdyy-2026-03-18_15_07_01-mstc-cons-terms-1.pdf
sdyy-2026-03-18_15_07_01-mstc-cons-terms-1.pdf
Construction Management - It may refer to the contractual arrangement under which a firm supplies construction management services to an owner.
Quality Management - Includes such activities as specification development, process control, product acceptance, laboratory and technician certification, training, and communication.
Quality Control - Primarily concerned with the process control function.
Earthmoving - The process of moving soil or rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements of location, elevation, density, moisture content, and so on.
Loadability - Measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading a soil.
Plate line capacity - Bucket volume contained within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket sides.
Struck capacity - Bucket capacity when the load is struck off flush with the bucket sides.
Water line capacity - Assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket.
Heaped volume - The maximum volume that can be placed in the bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of repose for the material in the bucket.
Dragline - A very versatile machine that has the longest reach for digging and dumping of any member of the crane shovel family.
Cranes - Primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by swinging or traveling
Grade resistance - Represents that component of vehicle weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface.
Rolling resistance - Primarily due to tire flexing and penetration of the travel surface
Fixed time - Represents those components of cycle time other than travel time.
Variable time - Represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return
Ground modification or soil stabilization - The process of giving natural soils enough abrasive resistance and shear strength to accommodate traffic or design loads
Compaction - The process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer together, thereby expelling air from the void spaces in the soil.
Dynamic compaction - Involves dropping a heavy weight from a crane onto the ground surface to achieve soil densification.
Vibratory compaction - The process of densifying cohesionless soils by inserting a vibratory probe into the soil.
Surcharging - Done by placing additional weight on the soil surface, has long been used to densify cohesive soils.
Soil Stabilization - Refers to the improvement of the engineering properties of a soil by use of physical or chemical admixtures.
Grading - The process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation (or grade).
Finish grading - Also called finishing, involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specification.
Balancing - In highway construction, the process of cutting down high spots and filling in low spots of each roadway layer is called
Trimming - The process of bringing each roadway layer to its final grade.
Loosening, Loading, Hauling, and Compacting - The four phases of the process of rock moving
Concrete - Produced by mixing portland cement, aggregate, and water.
Batching, Mixing, Transporting, Placing, Consolidating, Finishing, and Curing - The construction operations involved in the production of concrete include
Normal-weight concrete - Usually weighs from one hundred forty to one hundred sixty pounds per cubic foot, two thousand two hundred forty-three to two thousand five hundred sixty-three kilograms per cubic meter, depending on the mix design and type of aggregate used.
Lightweight insulating concrete - May weigh from fifteen to ninety pounds per cubic foot, two hundred forty to one thousand four hundred forty-two kilograms per cubic meter, and have a twenty-eight-day compressive strength from about one hundred to one thousand pounds per square inch, six hundred ninety to six thousand eight hundred ninety-five Pascals.
Mass concrete - Concrete used in a structure such as a dam in which the weight of the concrete provides most of the strength of the structure.
Heavyweight concrete - Made with heavy aggregates such as barite, magnetite, and steel punchings: it is used primarily for nuclear radiation shielding.
No-slump concrete - Concrete having a slump of one inch or less.
Slump - A measure of concrete consistency obtained by placing concrete into a test cone following a standard test procedure and measuring the decrease in height of the sample when the cone is removed.
Refractory concrete - Concrete that is suitable for high temperature applications such as boilers and furnaces.
Precast concrete - Concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure.
Architectural concrete - Concrete that will be exposed to view and therefore utilizes special shapes, designs, or surface finishes to achieve the desired architectural effect.
Type One normal portland cement - A general-purpose cement suitable for all normal applications.
Type Two modified moderate portland cement - Provides better resistance to alkali attack and produces less heat of hydration than does Type One cement.
Type Three high early strength cement - Provides one hundred ninety percent of Type One strength after one day of curing. It also produces about one hundred fifty percent of the heat of hydration of normal cement during the first seven days.
Type Four low heat cement - Produces only forty to sixty percent of the heat produced by Type One cement during the first seven days. However, its strength is only fifty-five percent of that of normal cement after seven days.
Type Five sulfate-resistant cement - Provides maximum resistance to alkali attack
Aggregate - Used in concrete to reduce the cost of the mix and to reduce shrinkage.
Water - Is required in the concrete mix for several purposes. Principal among these is to provide the moisture required for hydration of the cement to take place.
Hydration - The chemical reaction between cement and water which produces hardened cement.
Zero point four to zero point seven - Range of water/cement ratio
Air-entrained concrete - Has significantly increased resistance to freezing and thawing as well as to scaling caused by the use of deicing chemicals.
Water-reducing agents - Increase the slump or workability of a concrete mix. Thus, with a water-reducing agent the amount of water in the mix may be reduced without changing the concrete's consistency.
Retarders - Slow the rate of hardening of concrete.
Accelerators - Decrease setting time and increase the early strength of concrete.
Pozzolans - Reduce the heat of hydration, increase the workability, and reduce the segregation of a mix.
Workability agents or plasticizers - Increase the workability of a mix.
Batching - The process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates, and additives prior to mixing concrete.
Truck mixers or transit mix trucks - Are truck-mounted concrete mixers capable of mixing and transporting concrete.
Ready-mixed concrete - Delivered by truck-mounted concrete mixers capable of mixing and transporting concrete.
Coarse aggregate - Consists of gravel, crushed stone, or another suitable material larger than one-fourth inch in diameter.
Admixtures - Materials other than portland cement, aggregates, and water that are added to concrete either immediately before or during its mixing to alter the properties of the concrete in a variety of ways. For example, they can be used to:
Improve workability
Reduce separation of coarse and fine aggregates due to settling out of the heavier coarse aggregate
Entrain air
Accelerate or retard setting and hardening
Water-reducing admixtures - Permit a lower water content, improve workability, and increase the efficiency of the portland cement in a mix, which lowers a concrete's cost relative to its performance.
High-range water-reducing admixtures super plasticizers - Mostly used in concrete that is to be pumped. They produce a mix that flows easily, with no increase in its water content.
Retarders - Admixtures that have a retarding effect on the set of portland cement overcome the accelerating effect that temperature has on setting during hot weather and in large masses of concrete, and delay the early stiffening of concrete placed under difficult conditions.
Accelerators - Increase the rate of early strength development in concrete.
Formworks - Because concrete is unable to maintain a particular shape before it sets, it must be placed in a form or mold called
Flying forms - Are made by building a large section of form, as described earlier for centering, and supporting the entire section on deep steel trusses.
Slip forming - A method of continuously moving a form for vertical structures, such as elevator or stair shafts, upward on jacks as new concrete is placed on top of the old.
Waterstops - Rubber or vinyl inserts designed to be placed in concrete joints to prevent water from penetrating the joint.
Isolation and separation joints - Often necessary to separate concrete sections and prevent the bonding of one concrete section with another, or to separate a concrete section from another material or structural part so that one can move independently of the other.
Water-cement ratio - Should be the lowest value of ratio required to meet design requirements such as durability, strength, and impermeability.
Concrete that will be exposed to a combination of wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycling and de-icing chemicals requires the following for durability:
One. a low water-cement ratio,
Two. air-entrainment,
Three. suitable materials,
Four. adequate curing, and
Five. good construction practices.
Plastic concrete - Readily molded and yet will change its form only slowly if the mold is removed.
Concrete is handled and transported by: One. Chutes
Two. Push buggies
Three. Buckets handled by cranes
Four. Pumping through a pipeline
Five. Pneumatically forcing through a hose (shotcrete)
Placing - The movement of plastic concrete into its final position (usually within forms).
Shotcrete - Pneumatically placed concrete, used primarily for swimming pools and other in-ground and aboveground free-form structures and for repairing damaged concrete.
Concrete should be compacted by a method appropriate to the material and its location to:
One. Eliminate stone pockets and large air bubbles
Two. Consolidate each layer with that previously placed
Three. Completely embed reinforcing and fixtures
Four. Bring just enough fine material to the faces and top surfaces to produce the desired finish
Spading or puddling - Medium-to high-slump concrete should be compacted and worked into place by
Screeding, leveling, edging, jointing, floating, troweling, and broom finishing - The finishing of standard-weight concrete slabs proceeds through several steps in a defined order. These steps are:
Bleeding - Generally, the dry materials used in making quality concrete are heavier than water. Thus, shortly after placement, they have a tendency to settle to the bottom and displace the mixing water to the surface, which is called
Screeding - The surface of newly placed concrete is struck off (screeded) by moving a straightedge back and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms and screeds.
Leveling - Bringing of a concrete surface to true grade with enough mortar to produce the desired finish.
Edging - Rounds off the formed edge of a slab to prevent chipping or damage.
Jointing - Except when joints will be later sawed, immediately following or during edging, premolded inserts are placed in concrete slabs to control cracking in the concrete as a result of shrinkage.
Floating - May be done when the water sheen has disappeared and the concrete will support the weight of the finisher.
The purpose of floating is to:
One. Embed large aggregate just beneath the surface.
Two. Remove slight imperfections, humps, and voids to produce a level or plane surface.
Three. Consolidate mortar at the surface in preparation for other finishing operations.
Four. Open the surface to permit excess moisture to escape.
Troweling - Done on slabs that are to be left exposed or to receive thin finishes, such as resilient flooring, carpet, tile, or paint.
Broom Finishing - Steel-troweled concrete surfaces are very smooth and become slippery when wet. They can be slightly roughened to produce a nonslip surface by brushing or brooming them.
Scaling - Breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab to a depth of about one-sixth to three-sixteenths in. It usually occurs at an early age of the slab.
Crazing - The occurrence of numerous fine hair cracks in the surface of a newly hardened slab due to surface shrinkage.
Dusting - The appearance of a powdery material on the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab.
Fuel-resistant asphalt - Often based on a polymer-modified asphalt, is available and has demonstrated high resistance to rutting and cracking as well as to petroleum fuels.
Asphalt cutback - liquid at room temperature, is created when petroleum distillates are mixed with asphalt cement.
Asphalt emulsions - Contain particles of asphalt dispersed in water by means of emulsifying agents.
Flash point - Temperature at which liquid produces sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of air and an open flame.
Slipform paver - Capable of spreading, consolidating, and finishing a concrete slab without the use of conventional forms.
Tack coat - Thin coating of light bituminous material applied to a previously paved surface to act as a bonding agent.
Dust palliative - A substance applied to an unpaved surface to reduce the amount of dust produced by vehicular traffic and wind.
Fog seal - A light application of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water.
Emulsion slurry seal - Composed of a mixture of slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water.
Sand seal - Composed of a light application of a medium-viscosity liquid asphalt covered with fine aggregates.
Aggregate surface treatments - Made up of alternate applications of asphalt and aggregate.
Single-pass surface treatment - Constructed by spraying on a layer of asphalt and covering it with a layer of aggregate approximately one stone in depth.
Recycling - Consists of the demolition of old pavement, recrushing of the pavement material, and reusing it in new asphalt or concrete mixes.
Foundation - Supports the weight of the structure and its applied loads.
Spread footing - The simplest and probably the most common type of building foundation. They include individual footings, combined footings, and mat foundations.
Mat or raft foundations - Consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure, in order to spread the structure's load over a large area.
Floating foundation - A type of mat foundation in which the weight of the soil excavated approximately equals the weight of the structure being erected.
Ground modification or soil stabilization - The process of improving soils in place.
Pile - It is nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock.
Precast concrete piles - May be manufactured in almost any desired size or shape.
Cast-in-place concrete piles or shell piles - Constructed by driving a steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete.
Steel piles - Capable of supporting heavy loads, can be driven to great depth without damage, and are easily cut and spliced.
Composite piles - Piles made up of two or more different materials.
Bulb piles - They are a special form of cast-in-place concrete pile in which an enlarged base (or bulb) is formed during driving.
Pier - A column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface.
Caisson - A structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation. Caissons may be either open or pneumatic.
Liquefaction - If the water pressure exactly equals soil weight, the soil will behave like a liquid.
Boiling or piping - If the water pressure is strong enough to move subsurface soil up through the bottom of the cut.
Shoring - Lateral support for the sides of an excavation.
Lagging - Sheeting placed horizontally.
Sheet piling - Sheeting of concrete, steel, or timber that is designed to be driven by a pile driver.
Trench shields or trench boxes - Used in place of shoring to protect workers during trenching operations.
Dewatering - The process of removing water from an excavation.
Soil permeability - The ease with which water flows through the soil, is primarily a function of a soil's grain size distribution.
Wellpoint - The perforated assembly placed on the bottom of the inlet pipe for a well.
Vacuum wells - Wellpoints that are sealed at the surface by placing a ring of bentonite or clay around the well casing.
Electroosmosis - Process of accelerating the flow of water through a soil by the application of a direct current.
Grouting or pressure grouting - The process of injecting a grouting agent into soil or rock to increase its strength or stability, protect foundations, or reduce groundwater flow.
Flat slabs - Slabs may be supported directly by columns without the use of beams or joists.
Precast concrete - Concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure.
Prestressed concrete - Concrete to which an initial compression load has been applied.
Pretensioning - Places the prestressing material (reinforcing steel or prestressing cables) under tension in the concrete form before the member is poured.
Posttensioning - Places the prestressing steel (usually placed inside a metal or plastic tube cast into the member) under tension after the concrete member has been erected.
Consolidation - The process of removing air voids in concrete as it is placed.
Finishing - The process of bringing the surface of concrete to its final position and imparting the desired surface texture.
Vacuum dewatering - Employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic concrete after the concrete has been placed and screeded.
The five most common masonry pattern bonds:
The five most common masonry pattern bonds:
One. Running bond Two. Common bond Three. Flemish bond Four. English bond