EC8702 - Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks: All Units - 16 Marks Questions with Answers

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Definition:

A routing protocol in an Ad hoc network determines the path for data packets from source to destination without fixed infrastructure.

Key Issues and Challenges:

One. Dynamically Changing Topology: Nodes move freely causing frequent link changes. Routes become invalid quickly. Protocol must handle rapid topology updates efficiently.

Two. Bandwidth Constraint: Wireless links have limited and shared bandwidth. Control packets for routing consume useful bandwidth. Protocol must minimize overhead.

Three. Error-Prone Shared Broadcast Radio Channel: Wireless signals face interference, fading, hidden terminal problem. Packet loss is higher than wired networks.

Four. Hidden Terminal Problem: Node A and C cannot hear each other but both send to B, causing collision. CSMA/CA with RTS/CTS partially solves this.

Five. Energy Constrained Operation: Nodes run on batteries. Routing protocol must be energy-aware. Minimize transmissions to extend network lifetime.

Six. Limited Physical Security: Ad hoc networks are more vulnerable to attacks (eavesdropping, spoofing, DoS). Secure routing is difficult without infrastructure.

Seven. Scalability: As number of nodes increases, routing table size, control overhead, and convergence time also increase. Protocol must scale well.

Eight. Uni-directional Links: Due to different transmission power levels, some links may be one-way. Most routing protocols assume bidirectional links.

Nine. QoS Support: Hard to guarantee Quality of Service (delay, bandwidth, reliability) due to dynamic topology and shared medium.

Ten. Interoperability: Multiple nodes from different vendors need to communicate. Standard protocols must be followed.

Design Goals of Routing Protocol:

Q two. Explain AODV Route Establishment and Route Maintenance with Diagram. Consider 'A' as Source Node.

Key Messages:

Phase one - Route Discovery:

Phase two - Route Maintenance:

RREQ Packet Format:

Q three. Explain DSDV Routing Protocol with Example and Routing Table Construction.

Routing Table Fields:

Types of Updates:

Comparison: DSDV vs AODV

A. Single-Node Architecture (Hardware Components):

B. Network Architecture Scenarios:

Network Architecture Elements:

Q six. Explain Transceiver Design Considerations in WSN with Operational States.

Design Considerations:

Noise Figure Formula:

UNIT THREE: WSN NETWORKING CONCEPTS AND PROTOCOLS

S-MAC (Sensor-MAC):

Key Features:

S-MAC Frame Structure:

Limitations: Synchronization overhead, latency increases for multi-hop, not adaptive to traffic changes.

Phase one - Setup Phase:

Phase two - Steady-State Phase:

Key Advantages of LEACH:

Super-frame Structure (Beacon-enabled mode):

Components:

Beacon vs Non-Beacon Mode:

PAMAS - Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling:

Two Key Problems PAMAS Solves:

PAMAS Architecture - Two Separate Channels:

PAMAS Signaling Packet Types:

Node Sleep Decision Rules:

UNIT FOUR: SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY

Q twelve. As an Attacker, Write Steps for DoS Attack and Explain Effects in WSN. (thirteen/fifteen Marks)

Effects of DoS Attack on WSN:

Mitigation Strategies:

Q thirteen. Explain SPINS - Security Protocol for Sensor Networks. How does SPIN provide Authenticated Broadcast? (thirteen Marks)

One. SNEP (Sensor Network Encryption Protocol):

Two. TESLA (Micro Timed Efficient Streaming Loss-tolerant Authentication):

Three Main Design Issues of SPINS:

uTESLA Authenticated Broadcast Process:

UNIT V: SENSOR NETWORK PLATFORMS AND TOOLS

Berkeley Motes:

TinyOS - Overview:

Key Features of TinyOS:

nesC Language:

TinyOS Limitations:

TinyOS on Berkeley Mote:

Question fifteen. Illustrate NS two for Sensor Network Design and Evaluation. Write Sample NS two Script. Thirteen Marks

Key Components of NS two:

Sample NS two Simulation Script (Tcl):

Question sixteen. How are TinyOS, nesC, and CONTIKI OS Designed for Sensor Nodes? Discuss Design Challenges. Fifteen Marks

CONTIKI OS Key Features:

Design Challenges for Sensor OS:

Overview

A guide for students of the EC8702 course on Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks, detailing significant questions, answers, and key concepts imperative for exam preparation. The document includes question patterns and thematic focus areas guide based on previous years' exams.

Key Points

1The document includes 16 marks question formats for Ad Hoc networks and Wireless Sensor Networks
2It identifies key issues and challenges in designing routing protocols for Ad Hoc networks
3The AODV and DSDV routing protocols are explained in detail with operational phases and examples
4Energy consumption models for sensor nodes are discussed to highlight energy efficiency strategies in WSN
5The LEACH protocol is outlined to demonstrate cluster-based routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Details

Category: Technology and Engineering

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