GENERAL CHEMISTRY TWO

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY TWO

LESSON ONE: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

One. All particles are composed of very small particles called atoms or molecules.

Two. The distances between gas particles are so great that the volume of the gas is mostly empty space.

Three. There are no repulsive or attractive forces between gas particles.

Four. These particles are in constant random motion.

Five. The kinetic energy of the particles depends on the temperature of the gas.

A Molecule will be Nonpolar if:

. All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same.

. All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are symmetrically arranged around the central atom.

. The terminal atoms (or groups) have the same charges.

A Molecule will be Polar if:

. One or more terminal atoms differ from each other

. At least one polar bond is present

. The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged

. The molecule has one slightly positive end one slightly negative end

. An increase in temperature results in increased kinetic energies of gases dissolving in liquid.

. This increased motion enables the dissolved gas to break intermolecular forces with the solvent, and escape the solution.

Example:

A warm bottle of carbonated drink does not taste as good as a cold one, because there is less carbon dioxide dissolved in the warm bottle.

INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES

TYPES OF INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION:

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Five. Polarizability

LESSON TWO: PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

CAPILLARY ACTION

TWO TYPES OF FORCES INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY ACTION:

Mercury and Water in a Test Tube

Viscosity

What effect temperature would have on viscosity?

Vapor Pressure of a Liquid

Vapor Pressure

RELATION OF VAPOR PRESSURE TO STRENGTH OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Molar Heat of Vaporization

Relate Molar Heat of Vaporization To Strength Of Intermolecular Forces

Boiling Point

Relate boiling point to molar heat of vaporization.

LESSON THREE: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Electrostatic bonding

Ionic bond

Network solid or covalent network crystal

Molecular crystal

Covalent bond - A bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms.

Interactions that are the result from temporary dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules.

Attractive forces between polar molecules (molecules that possess permanent dipole moments).

Crystal lattice

Unit cell

Gemstone

relatively a simple chemical compound (quartz is silicon dioxide).

TWO GENERAL TYPES OF SOLIDS

FEATURES THAT CAN BE USED TO DISTINGUISH A CRYSTALLINE SOLID FROM AN AMORPHOUS SOLID:

Two. Behaviour when heated

How are the structures of crystals determined?

Crystallization

FOUR TYPES OF CRYSTALS:

INFERENCE ABOUT THE STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES OF METALS/METALLIC

Two. Ionic crystals

Three. Molecular crystals

Four. Covalent network crystals

LESSON FOUR: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

FEATURES OF PHASE DIAGRAM:

Freezing (Melting) Curve

Vaporization (Condensation) Curve

Sublimation (Deposition) Curve

Triple point

Critical point

LESSON FIVE: CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

FORMULA:

PARTS PER MILLION (ppm)

FORMULA:

MOLARITY

FORMULA:

MOLALITY

FORMULA:

MOLE FRACTION

EXAMPLE PROBLEM (for steps in

What is the mole fraction of the solute in a forty percent by mass ethanol (C two H five O) solution in water?

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY

EFFECT OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATION ON THE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF

EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE AND NONELECTROLYTE AND NONELECTROLYTE ON COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SOLUTIONS

GENERAL CHEMISTRY TWO

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Overview

It explores the fundamental principles governing intermolecular interactions and the behavior of liquids and solids, with examples illustrating the impact of temperature and molecular structure on physical properties.

Key Points

1All particles consist of atoms or molecules; gas particles are mostly empty space
2Polar and nonpolar molecules differ in their structural arrangements and intermolecular forces
3The strength of intermolecular forces affects boiling points and vapor pressure
4Viscosity and surface tension are influenced by the strength of intermolecular forces
5Temperature changes impact the behavior of liquids, such as viscosity and vapor pressure.

Details

Authors: Labadia, Tuga, Gunday, Benigay
Category: Physical Sciences

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