The elements to consider when planning Expressways are:
The elements to consider when planning National Roads are:
The main elements to consider when planning Provincial Roads include:
Main points to consider in planning City/Municipal roads are as follows:
Route Planning Through Existing Communities
Where a bypass can be justified, the most important considerations are:
Vulnerable road users include
Parking Near Intersections
Parking Adjacent To Barrier Lines
Other aspects that could contribute to loss of control on curves are:
Type of Sight Distance Elements
Four different criteria used for the establishment of sag vertical curves:
The most important criteria to consider are:
Merging and Diverging for Auxiliary Lane
Four types of escape ramps:
Signal Controlled Intersections
Traffic Control Devices - Traffic can be controlled at intersections by regulatory signs, traffic signals, roundabouts.
Right and Left Turning Lanes
Types of slip lane arrangements
Roundabouts may not be appropriate in the following situations
Different Types of road safety barrier
Location of Curb Adjacent to Barriers
The standard colors for signs are as follows:
The following general rules are to be applied when designing the sign face.
Classification of Regulatory sign
Four Sizes for Regulatory Signs
Classification of Warning Signs
Intersection and Junction Signs
Pedestrian and School Signs
General size of Horizontal Alignment Signs
Types of Horizontal Alignment Signs
Intersection and Junction Signs
Signs that may be used in advance of intersections
Types of supplementary Sign
Classification of signs in the Directional Signing
Classification of Guide Signs
Reflectorization and Illumination
Shape, Color and Reflectivity
Types of Advance Direction signs
Diagrammatic Direction Signs
Other factors which may affect the size of letter or sign include
Location of Advance Direction Signs
Other Route Markers are located as follows:
Asian Highway Route Markers
Major Types of Instruction Signs
Size of markers to be used is as follows:
Pavement markings have definite limitations:
Types of Pavement and curb markings
Color of Pavement Markings
Center Line on Rural Roads
Lane Line - A line is used to separate adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the same direction.
As a guide, lane lines should be used in the following cases:
The following are the cases where barrier lines should be used:
Recommended Width of Edge lines
No Loading / Unloading Zones
Transverse lines may be classified into the following types:
Type of Pedestrian Crossing Markings
Obstruction within the roadway
Objects Adjacent to the Roadway
Type of raised Pavement of markers
Supplementing painted lines
Sub grade - the layer of natural soil over which the pavement road is laid.
the top surface of a road structure.
Bitumen carpet - a twenty millimeter thick premix bitumen layer over which is laid a seal coat.
Pavement - the layered structure placed over a soil sub grade for forming a road.
Wearing coarse - the layer in a road pavement which provides resistance to wear and tear due to traffic.
Prime coat - a layer of stone chipping coat laid over a hot to make the surface water proof conditions
Seal coat - a very thin surface applied over a bituminous pavement to make it impervious
Joints in concrete pavements
Pavement roughness - the measurement of the extent to which a road surface deviates from the plane
Pavement deflection - refers to the structural adequacy of the pavement section
Types of stresses that are developed in rigid pavements
Transportation and Traffic Engineering
Fundamentals of Traffic Flow
Average Daily Traffic-Accident Rates
Coastal Protection Structures
Types of Mooring Bollard.
Tides and Abnormal Water Level Astronomical tide is the periodic rise and fall of sea level.
Pavements - consist of the following ...
Base courses - this normally consists of aggregates such as gravel and crushed rock.
Type of pavement distress affecting Portland cement concrete pavements.
Batching - process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to mixing concrete.