Lesson one: Introduction to Psychology
THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGY
MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE:
THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY
STRUCTURALISM VS. FUNCTIONALISM
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
THE SUBJECTIVIST PERSPECTIVE
Types of Literature Reviews:
ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Regulatory Bodies and Guidelines:
Lesson Two: BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Neurons: the building blocks of the Nervous System
Example: Memory Formation
Example: Sensory Perception
Ten. Placenta (during pregnancy)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS THE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS OF THE BODY
Genetic Studies of Behavior
Lesson Three: PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive Development in Childhood
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Two. Preoperational (two to seven years)
Four. Formal operational (eleven years and up)
Two. Preoperational (two to seven years)
Three. Concrete operational (seven to eleven years)
Four. Formal operational (eleven years and up)
The Development of Moral Judgment
One. Pre-Conventional Level (typically up to age nine)
Three. Post-Conventional Level (emerging in adolescence and adulthood)
Stage One: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage Two: Individualism and Exchange
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (typically up to age nine to adulthood)
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (emerging in adolescence and adulthood)
Stage Six: Universal Ethical Principles
PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Three. Slow-to-warm-up Temperament
SLOW-TO-WARM-UP TEMPERAMENT
HIGH SENSITIVITY TEMPERAMENT
INSECURE - AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
INSECURE - AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT
Two. Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Three. Kohlberg's Sex-Role Identity Development
PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS OF PUBERTY
Self-Esteem and Body Image
Identity and Independence
Exploration and Commitment
Lesson three: PSYCHOSEXUAL & PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
One. Oral Stage (zero to one year)
Two. Anal Stage (two to three years)
Implications - Anal fixations can lead to
Three. Phallic Stage (three to six years)
Four. Latency Stage (six to puberty)
Five. Genital Stage (puberty onward)
Erik Erikson's theory of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, zero to one year)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, one to three years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age, three to six years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, six to twelve years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, twelve to eighteen years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, eighteen to forty years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, forty to sixty-five years)
Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, sixty-five plus years)
Lesson four: SENSORY PROCESSES
CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSORY MODALITIES
Two. Suprathreshold Sensation
Three. Signal detection theory
Sense of Sight THE VISUAL SYSTEM
Sense of Hearing THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AUDITION
Five Functions of Perception
SELECTIVE ATTENTION & EYE MOVEMENT
ATTENTION, PERCEPTION, AND MEMORY:
BENEFITS OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION
DETERMINANTS OF GROUPINGS GESTALT
DEPTH CUES PERCEIVING DISTANCE
Feature Integration Theory
DETERMINING WHAT AN OBJECT IS
THE NATURE OF CONSTANCIES COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCIES
PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT PREFERENTIAL LOOKING METHOD
Lesson six: Consciousness
AUTOMATICITY & DISSOCIATION
SLEEP DISORDER exists when inability to sleep well produces impaired daytime functioning or excessive sleepiness.
Key Concepts in Freud's Dream Interpretation
Mechanisms of Hypnosis in Therapy
Heightened Suggestibility
Exploration of the Unconscious
Behavioral Change and Symptom Relief
PYSCHOACTIVE DRUGS refers to drugs that affect behavior, consciousness, and/or mood.
DRUG DEPENDENCE has three key characteristics:
Lesson Seven: Learning and Conditioning
NON-ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING involves learning about a single stimulus, and it includes habituation and sensitization.
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (US) is a stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior conditioning.
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
FIXED AND VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE
Sensory Memory Sperling's experiments
WORKING VS. SENSORY MEMORY
Encoding Phonological Coding (Phonological Loop)
Storage CHUNKING: Working memory is inherently limited in
Transfer from working memory to long-term memory
Division of brain labor between working memory and long-term memory
Two problems in transferring information from short-term to longterm memory
Emotional factors in forgetting
Retrieval Interference via Anxiety
Lesson Nine: Language and Thought
Two. Language Comprehension
Meaning Multilevel Structure of Language Use
LANGUAGE UNITS and PROCESSES
Word Meaning and Ambiguity
Learning and Language Acquisition
Innate Factors in Language Acquisition
Uniqueness of Human Language Ability
LESSON Nine: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THOUGHT
Well-defined vs. Fuzzy Concepts
Hierarchical Structure of Concepts
Basic-Level Categories: Special Importance
Common Violations in Inductive Reasoning:
DEDUCTIVE VS. INDUCTIVE REASONING
THOUGHTS & ACTION TENDENCIES
Lesson twelve: Intelligence
EARLY INTELLIGENCE TEST Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is one of the oldest and most widely used intelligence tests.
Key Features of the Stanford-Binet (SB5)
CONTEMPRARY THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Two. ANDERSON'S THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Three. STERNBERG'S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
Lesson thirteen: Personality
IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TRAITS
APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST.
Lesson fourteen: Stress, Health, and Coping
TRAUMATIC EVENTS - are events outside the normal range of people's experience that are highly distressing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSFUL EVENTS
Two. Predictability - the degree to which we know if and when it will occur- also affects its stressfulness.
Four. Internal conflicts - unresolved issues that may be either conscious or unconscious.
Four major internal conflicts that often cause stress:
PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO STRESS
Four Major Symptom Sets of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:
Two. Re-experiencing the Trauma
Four. Survivor Guilt. Additional symptom
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
APATHY AND DEPRESSION. Some people withdraw emotionally and physically.
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT. When stressed and become unable to think clearly.
Two. Distracting Thoughts
PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO STRESS
THE FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE. The body's mobilization to attack or flee from a threatening situation
General Adaptation Syndrome
One. Alarm. Initial shock and mobilization.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS - physical disorders in which emotions are believed to play a central role.
Gender and Work-Related Stress
Stress Weakens the Immune System
Real-Life Stress Events Also Lower Immunity
Psychological Support Can Help
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND STRESS RESPONSES
Health Link: Type A and Coronary Heart Disease
Examples of Hostility as a Coronary Heart Disease Predictor:
Biological Mechanism: How Type A Leads to Coronary Heart Disease Exaggerated stress response in Type A individuals includes:
Lesson fifteen: Psychological Disorders
Categories of mental disorders
Understanding Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Cultural Variant - Ataque de Nervios: Common in Latino cultures, especially in the Caribbean.
» Understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder:
>> DEPRESSION: is more than just sadness; it includes emotional, cognitive, motivational, and physical symptoms.
» BIPOLAR DISORDER, also known as manic-depression, is a mood disorder where individuals
The Biological Perspective:
The Cognitive Perspective:
Interpersonal Perspective:
The Biological Perspective
The Social and Psychological Perspective
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder:
Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder
› PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS (PDDs)
>> Diagnosis of AUTISM. Autism involves three main types of deficits:
RETT'S AND CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE
» Understanding Pervasive Developmental Disorders:
Lesson sixteen: Treatment of Mental Health Problems
>> In the eighteen hundreds, scientists discovered that some mental illnesses had biological causes.
TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES - Based on learning and conditioning principles.
Systematic desensitization and in vivo exposure
MODELING - Learning by observing and imitating others. Live or via video
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY (CBT): Combines
Therapeutic Dialogue Example
Application Example: Agoraphobia
Treatment Program Elements
Psychoanalysis, which was developed by Freud Includes:
HUMANISTIC THERAPIES - Emphasizes a person's natural drive for growth and self-actualization.
CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY (Carl Rogers)
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES TO THERAPY
GROUP THERAPY - A form of therapy where a small group (usually six to eight people) with similar issues meet regularly.
Marital and Family Therapy
MARITAL THERAPY - Therapy focused on resolving problems within a marriage or intimate partnership.
FAMILY THERAPY - Therapy involving the whole family as a system rather than just individuals.
Special Issues in Treating Children
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Comparing Psychotherapies
> BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES Basic Assumption:
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
Lesson seventeen SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Application in Stroop Task
Reference groups and identification
Group Interactions Institutional norms
Lesson eighteen: Social Cognition
Automatic stereotype activation
Stereotypes and information processing
Self-fulfilling stereotypes
Triggers of individuation
The fundamental attribution error revisited
FIVE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ATTRACTION
Two. Proximity - how far apart they live.
Three. Familiarity (Mere Exposure Effect)
Passionate and companionate love