Module 4 - Com Architecture

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Module Four

Instruction Processing and Parallel Architectures

Learning Objectives

By the end of this module, learners will be able to:

Understand the design and components of a basic processing unit.

Explain the steps involved in instruction execution and data flow.

Describe the concept and advantages of multiple bus organization.

Differentiate between hardwired and microprogrammed control units.

Explain the fundamentals of pipelining and identify various types of hazards.

Analyze the impact of instruction hazards on instruction set architecture.

Explore parallel computer models including multiprocessors and multicomputers. Understand the principles of PRAM and VLSI computation models.

Structure

Four point two Instruction Execution Steps

Four point four Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control

Four point six Instruction Hazards

Four point eight Impact on Instruction Sets

Four point ten PRAM and VLSI Models

Four point twelve Keywords Four point thirteen Self-Assessment Questions

Four point fifteen Reference

Four point one point one Components of a Processing Unit

Key Components:

Register File:

Control Unit:

Internal Buses:

Clock Generator:

Four point one point two Control Path and Data Path

Data Path:

Includes:

Control Path: Comprises the Control Unit and supporting logic.

Four point one point three Register Transfer Operations

Types of Register Transfers: Data Transfer Operations:

Arithmetic Operations:

Logical Operations:

Shift Operations:

Micro-Operation Execution:

Four point one point four Functional Flow of the Processing Unit

Stages of Flow:

Instruction Decode:

Operand Fetch:

Execution:

Result Storage:

PC Update:

Four point two Instruction Execution Steps

Four point two point one Fetch, Decode, Execute Cycle

One. Fetch:

Two. Decode:

Three. Execute:

Four point two point two Operand Fetch and Result Storage

Operand Fetch:

Result Storage:

Four point two point three Control Signal Generation

Control Signal Types:

Control Unit Approaches: Hardwired Control:

Microprogrammed Control:

Four point two point four Instruction Timing and Synchronization

Timing Diagrams:

Synchronization Challenges: Handling memory access delays

Four point three Multiple Bus Organization

Four point three point one Single Bus vs. Multiple Bus Architecture

Characteristics:

Limitations:

Multiple Bus Architecture:

Types of Buses in Multi-bus Systems:

Comparison Table:

Feature

Cost

Four point three point two Benefits of Multiple Bus Systems

Better Support for Pipelining and Multicore:

Fault Isolation and Reliability:

Four point three point three Interconnection and Data Flow Control

Key Concepts:

Data Flow Control Mechanisms:

Synchronization Challenges:

Four point three point four Bus Arbitration and Prioritization

Types of Arbitration Techniques: Daisy Chaining (Serial Arbitration):

Polling:

Fixed Priority:

Rotating Priority (Round Robin):

Dynamic Arbitration:

Arbitration Signals:

Four point four Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control

Four point four point one Concept of Control Unit

Functions of the Control Unit:

Types of Control Units: Hardwired Control Unit:

Microprogrammed Control Unit:

Four point four point two Hardwired Control Unit Design and Operation

Operation:

Advantages:

Limitations:

Four point four point three Microprogrammed Control Organization

Structure:

Types of Microinstructions: Horizontal Microinstruction:

Vertical Microinstruction:

Advantages:

Limitations:

Four point five Pipelining Basics

Four point five point one Concept of Instruction Pipelining

Key Concepts:

Analogy:

Four point five point two Pipeline Stages and Throughput

Throughput:

Pipeline Latency:

Four point five point three Pipeline Performance Metrics

Key Metrics:

Efficiency (E):

Throughput (T):

Cycle per Instruction (CPI):

Four point five point four Advantages and Limitations of Pipelining

Efficient Resource Utilization:

Modular Design:

Limitations: Pipeline Hazards:

Uneven Stage Delays:

Four point six Instruction Hazards

Four point six point one Structural Hazards

Example:

Solutions:

Four point six point two Data Hazards

Types of Data Hazards: RAW (Read After Write) - True dependency:

WAW (Write After Write) - Output dependency:

Solutions:

Register Renaming:

Four point six point three Control Hazards

Consequences:

Solutions: Branch Prediction:

Delayed Branching:

Speculative Execution:

Four point six point four Techniques to Minimize Hazards

Techniques:

Pipeline Interlocking:

Dynamic Scheduling (e.g., Tomasulo's algorithm):

Branch Prediction Units (BPUs):

Register Renaming:

Speculative Execution:

Compiler Techniques:

Four point seven Data Hazards

Four point seven point one Read After Write (RAW) Hazards

Example:

Four point seven point two Write After Read (WAR) and Write After Write (WAW) Hazards

Write After Read (WAR):

Example:

Write After Write (WAW):

Example: WRITE R one ; Instruction one

Four point seven point three Data Forwarding and Hazard Resolution

Data Forwarding:

Example:

Other Hazard Resolution Techniques: Pipeline Stalling (Bubble Insertion):

Register Renaming:

Four point seven point four Compiler-Level Hazard Mitigation

Techniques: Instruction Scheduling:

Loop Unrolling:

Software Pipelining:

Four point eight Impact on Instruction Sets

Four point eight point one Instruction Set Design and Pipeline Compatibility

Pipeline-Friendly ISA Features: Fixed-Length Instructions:

Few Addressing Modes:

Simple Operand Access:

Importance: Efficient ISAs ensure low CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) in pipelines.

Four point eight point two Influence of Hazards on ISA Development

Design Responses to Hazards: Branch Delay Slots:

Separate Load/Store Instructions:

Reduced Instruction Complexity:

Four point eight point three RISC vs. CISC Instruction Set Implications

Emphasizes pipeline optimization.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

Trade-Off: RISC is more suited for deep pipelines and superscalar architectures.

Four point eight point four Pipeline-Oriented Instruction Encoding

Fast decoding

Techniques:

Four point nine Parallel Computer Models

Four point nine point one Concept of Parallel Processing

Types of Parallelism:

Four point nine point two Flynn's Taxonomy: SISD, SIMD, MISD, MIMD

Four point nine point three Multiprocessor and Multicomputer Architectures Multiprocessor Systems:

Multicomputer Systems:

Distributed Memory Systems: Each processor has its own local memory.

Four point ten PRAM and VLSI Models

Four point ten point one Introduction to PRAM (Parallel Random Access Machine) Model

Key Characteristics:

Importance of PRAM:

Simplifications in PRAM:

Four point ten point two PRAM Variants: EREW, CREW, CRCW

One. EREW (Exclusive Read Exclusive Write):

Two. CREW (Concurrent Read Exclusive Write):

Three. CRCW (Concurrent Read Concurrent Write):

Requires a conflict resolution policy for writes:

Comparison:

Communication Constraints:

Gate Delay and Clock Speed:

Modularity and Scalability:

Power Consumption and Heat Dissipation:

Applications of VLSI Model:

Four point ten point four Role of VLSI in Parallel Processing Architectures

Contributions of VLSI to Parallel Architectures: Multi-Core Processors:

System-on-Chip (SoC):

Networks-on-Chip (NoC):

GPUs and Tensor Processing Units (TPUs):

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs):

Advantages of VLSI in Parallel Processing: Compact and energy-efficient hardware.

Four point eleven. Summary

Four point twelve. Keywords (One-line Definitions)

Four point thirteen. Self-Assessment Questions

Four point fourteen. Case Study

Overview

The document provides an in-depth look at computer architecture, detailing instruction processing, the design of the basic processing unit, and various systems for instruction execution and data control. It aims to equip learners with foundational knowledge essential for understanding computer systems.

Key Points

1Learners will understand the core components of a basic processing unit
2The document explains the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle in instruction execution
3It discusses the advantages of multiple bus organization over single bus systems
4Key concepts of pipelining and potential hazards are analyzed
5Various parallel computer models are explored, including multiprocessors and multicomputers.

Details

Category: Technology and Engineering

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