Module Five Performance, Processor Technologies, and Storage
Five point two Program Partitioning and Scheduling
Five point four CISC and RISC Architectures
Five point six Vector and Symbolic Processors
Five point eight TLB, Paging, and Segmentation
Five point ten SIMD Processing
Five point twelve RAID Levels and Performance Reliability
Five point fourteen Keywords
Five point sixteen Case Study
Five point one Performance Metrics and Speedup Laws
Five point one point one Definition and Importance of Performance Metrics
Common Attributes Measured:
Five point one point two Throughput, Latency, and Efficiency
Five point one point three Amdahl's Law and Gustafson's Law
Five point one point four Speedup and Scalability in Parallel Systems Speedup (S):
Factors Affecting Scalability: Communication overhead
Five point two Program Partitioning and Scheduling
Five point two point one Principles of Program Decomposition
Functional Decomposition:
Five point two point two Task Granularity and Parallel Execution
Coarse-Grained Parallelism:
Five point two point three Static and Dynamic Scheduling
Five point two point four Load Balancing and Synchronization
Synchronization: Coordinates tasks that access shared data or resources.
Five point three Interconnection Networks
Five point three point one Classification of Interconnection Networks
Direct versus Indirect Networks
Regular versus Irregular Networks
Five point three point two Bus-Based, Crossbar, and Multistage Networks
Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs)
Five point three point three Network Topologies: Mesh, Hypercube, Ring, and Torus
Five point three point four Performance and Scalability Factors
Fault Tolerance: Ability to continue operation after link or node failure.
Five point four CISC and RISC Architectures
Five point four point one Characteristics of CISC Architecture
Five point four point two Characteristics of RISC Architecture
Five point four point three Comparative Analysis of CISC and RISC
Five point four point four Modern Trends and Hybrid Designs
Micro-Operation Translation:
Speculative and Out-of-Order Execution:
Energy-Efficient and Scalable Design:
Five point six point one Concept of Vector Processing
Five point six point two Vector Registers and Pipelined Execution
Five point six point three Symbolic Processing and AI-Oriented Architectures
AI-Oriented Architectures:
Five point six point four Applications of Vector and Symbolic Processors Vector Processor Applications:
Symbolic Processor Applications:
Five point seven Hierarchical and Virtual Memory Technology
Five point seven point one Hierarchical Memory Organization
Five point seven point two Concepts of Virtual Memory
Five point seven point three Address Mapping and Memory Management
Five point seven point four Performance Considerations in Hierarchical Memory
Factors Influencing Performance:
Five point eight TLB, Paging, and Segmentation
Five point eight point one Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) Concept and Function
Five point eight point two Paging: Page Tables, Page Faults, and Replacement
Five point eight point three Segmentation: Logical Division and Protection
Five point eight point four Combined Paging and Segmentation Systems
Five point nine Cache Addressing Modes and Associative Caches
Five point nine point one Cache Addressing and Mapping Techniques
Direct Mapping: Each memory block maps to exactly one cache line.
Address Structure: Tag: Identifies memory block.
Five point nine point two Fully, Direct, and Set-Associative Caches Direct-Mapped Cache: Simple and fast but prone to conflict misses.
Five point nine point three Cache Coherence and Consistency
Five point nine point four Replacement and Write Policies
Five point ten SIMD Processing
Five point ten point one Single Instruction, Multiple Data Concept
Advantages: Reduces instruction decoding overhead.
Five point ten point two SIMD Architectures and Data Parallelism
Types of SIMD Architectures:
Data Parallelism Characteristics: Operations are applied uniformly across datasets.
Five point ten point three Vectorization and Data-Level Parallelism
Compiler Vectorization: Modern compilers automatically identify loops and transform them into vector operations.
Techniques to Enhance Vectorization: Loop unrolling to minimize control overhead.
Five point ten point four Applications of SIMD in Multimedia and AI
Five point eleven Storage Systems and I/O Interfacing
Five point eleven point one Types of Storage Systems: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
One. Primary Storage (Main Memory):
Five point eleven point two I/O Interface Components and Protocols
Five point eleven point three Data Transfer Modes and Buffering Techniques
Five point eleven point four Storage Performance Metrics
Five point twelve RAID Levels and Performance Reliability
Five point twelve point one Concept of RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
Five point twelve point two RAID Levels (Zero to Six) and Their Characteristics
RAID Three (Byte-Level Striping with Dedicated Parity)
RAID Four (Block-Level Striping with Dedicated Parity)
RAID Five (Block-Level Striping with Distributed Parity)
RAID Six (Block-Level Striping with Double Distributed Parity)
Five point twelve point three Performance Evaluation and Data Recovery
Data Recovery Mechanisms: Mirroring (RAID One): Direct replacement from mirror disk.
Five point twelve point four Reliability and Fault Tolerance in RAID Systems
Fault Tolerance Mechanisms:
Advanced Reliability Enhancements:
Five point thirteen Summary
Five point fourteen Keywords
Five point fifteen Self-Assessment Questions
Five point sixteen Case Study Case Study: High-Performance Cloud Data Center Architecture