Morphology of Flowering Plants

8izg-2026-03-16_02_45_27-morphology.pdf

One Q: What is the title of Chapter Five? A: Morphology of Flowering Plants.

Two Q: What fascinates us about higher plants? A: The wide range in the structure of higher plants.

Three Q: What shows large diversity in external structure? A: Angiosperms.

Four Q: What is morphology? A: External structure of plants.

Five Q: What characterises all angiosperms? A: Presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.

Six Q: On what basis was classification of plants discussed in chapters Two and Three? A: Morphological and other characteristics.

Seven Q: What is needed for successful classification of higher plants? A: Standard technical terms and standard definitions.

Eight Q: What is needed to understand any higher plant or living organism? A: Standard technical terms and standard definitions.

Nine Q: What variations exist in plant parts? A: Possible variations found as adaptations to their environment.

Ten Q: Name examples of plant adaptations? A: Adaptations to various habitats, for protection, climbing, storage etc.

Eleven Q: What do you see when you pull out any weed? A: All weeds have roots, stems and leaves.

Twelve Q: What may weeds bear? A: Flowers and fruits.

Thirteen Q: What is the underground part of a flowering plant? A: The root system.

Fourteen Q: What forms the shoot system? A: The portion above the ground.

Fifteen Q: What is shown in Figure Five point one? A: Parts of a flowering plant.

Sixteen Q: What section follows the introduction? A: Five point one The Root.

Seventeen Q: In majority of dicotyledonous plants, what forms from radicle elongation? A: Primary root.

Eighteen Q: Where does the primary root grow? A: Inside the soil.

Nineteen Q: What do primary roots bear? A: Lateral roots of several orders.

Twenty Q: What are lateral roots of several orders called? A: Secondary, tertiary etc. roots.

Twenty-one Q: What constitutes the tap root system? A: The primary roots and its branches.

Twenty-two Q: In which plant is tap root system seen? A: Mustard plant.

Twenty-three Q: What is shown in Figure Five point two a? A: Tap root system.

Twenty-four Q: In monocotyledonous plants, what happens to the primary root? A: It is short lived. Twenty-five Q: What replaces the primary root in monocots? A: A large number of roots.

Twenty-six Q: From where do monocot roots originate? A: From the base of the stem.

Twenty-seven Q: What is the root system called in wheat plant? A: Fibrous root system.

Twenty-eight Q: What is shown in Figure Five point two b? A: Fibrous root system.

Twenty-nine Q: In which plants do roots arise from parts other than the radicle? A: Grass, Monstera and banyan tree.

Thirty Q: What are roots arising from non-radicle parts called? A: Adventitious roots.

Thirty-one Q: What is shown in Figure Five point two c? A: Adventitious roots.

Thirty-two Q: What is the main function of root system? A: Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

Thirty-three Q: What anchorage does root system provide? A: Proper anchorage to the plant parts.

Thirty-four Q: What else does root system do? A: Storing reserve food material.

Thirty-five Q: What synthesis does root system perform? A: Synthesis of plant growth regulators.

Thirty-six Q: What is labelled as Flower in Figure Five point one? A: The top reproductive part. Thirty-seven Q: What is labelled as Fruit in Figure Five point one? A: The structure below flowers. Thirty-eight Q: What is labelled as Stem in Figure Five point one? A: The main axis above ground.

Thirty-nine Q: What is labelled as Leaf in Figure Five point one? A: Green photosynthetic parts.

Forty Q: What is labelled as Node in Figure Five point one? A: The point where leaf attaches.

Forty-one Q: What is labelled as Internode in Figure Five point one? A: The gap between nodes. Forty-two Q: What is labelled as Bud in Figure Five point one? A: Developing shoot structure. Forty-three Q: What is labelled as Primary root in Figure Five point one? A: The main descending root.

Forty-four Q: What is labelled as Secondary root in Figure Five point one? A: Branches from primary root.

Forty-five Q: What two main systems are shown in Figure Five point one? A: Shoot system and Root system.

Forty-six Q: What type of roots are shown in Figure Five point two a? A: Tap root with main root and laterals.

Forty-seven Q: What type of roots are shown in Figure Five point two b? A: Fibrous roots.

Forty-eight Q: What type of roots are shown in Figure Five point two c? A: Adventitious roots. Forty-nine Q: What is the main root also called? A: Primary root. Fifty Q: What are branches of main root called? A: Laterals.

Fifty-one Q: In dicots, what is the tap root system example? A: Mustard plant. Fifty-two Q: In monocots, what replaces short-lived primary root? A: Fibrous root system. Fifty-three Q: Which plant shows fibrous root system? A: Wheat plant.

Fifty-four Q: Name three examples of adventitious roots plants? A: Grass, Monstera, banyan tree. Fifty-five Q: What absorbs water and minerals? A: Root system.

Fifty-six Q: What stores reserve food? A: Root system.

Fifty-seven Q: What synthesises growth regulators? A: Root system.

Fifty-eight Q: What is the page number shown? A: Fifty-eight.

Fifty-nine Q: What book subject is on the top? A: Biology. Sixty Q: What is the first listed section? A: Five point one The Root.

Sixty-one Q: What is the second listed section? A: Five point two The Stem.

Sixty-two Q: What is the third listed section? A: Five point three The Leaf.

Sixty-three Q: What is the fourth listed section? A: Five point four The Inflorescence.

Sixty-four Q: What is the fifth listed section? A: Five point five The Flower.

Sixty-five Q: What is the sixth listed section? A: Five point six The Fruit.

Sixty-six Q: What is the seventh listed section? A: Five point seven The Seed.

Sixty-seven Q: What is the eighth listed section? A: Five point eight Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant.

Sixty-eight Q: What is the ninth listed section? A: Five point nine Description of Some Important Families.

Sixty-nine Q: What is the QR code number? A: One one zero eight zero C H zero five.

Seventy Q: What system is underground? A: Root system.

Seventy-one Q: What system is above ground? A: Shoot system.

Seventy-two Q: In dicots, what elongates directly from radicle? A: Primary root.

Seventy-three Q: What grows inside the soil? A: Primary root.

Seventy-four Q: What are secondary roots? A: Lateral roots of several orders. Seventy-five Q: What are tertiary roots? A: Further branches from secondary roots. Seventy-six Q: What is tap root system? A: Primary roots and its branches. Seventy-seven Q: In monocots, what is short lived? A: Primary root.

Seventy-eight Q: What originates from base of stem in monocots? A: A large number of roots.

Seventy-nine Q: What constitutes fibrous root system? A: Roots from base of stem. Eighty Q: What plant shows fibrous root system? A: Wheat plant.

Eighty-one Q: What are adventitious roots? A: Roots arising from parts other than radicle.

Eighty-two Q: Which tree has adventitious roots? A: Banyan tree. Eighty-three Q: Which plant has adventitious roots? A: Monstera. Eighty-four Q: Which grass has adventitious roots? A: Grass.

Eighty-five Q: What provides proper anchorage? A: Root system.

Eighty-six Q: What is reserve food material stored in? A: Root system. Eighty-seven Q: What is synthesized by root system? A: Plant growth regulators.

Eighty-eight Q: What is Figure five point one about? A: Parts of a flowering plant.

Eighty-nine Q: What is labeled as Shoot system in Figure five point one? A: Flower, fruit, stem, leaf, node, internode, bud.

Ninety Q: What is labeled as Root system in Figure five point one? A: Primary root and secondary root. Ninety-one Q: What is the main root in tap root diagram? A: Primary root with laterals. Ninety-two Q: What is shown in fibrous roots photo? A: Cluster of thin roots.

Ninety-three Q: What is shown in adventitious roots photo? A: Roots arising from stem parts.

Ninety-four Q: What fascinates about higher plants? A: Wide range in structure.

Ninety-five Q: What diversity do angiosperms show? A: Large diversity in external structure.

Ninety-six Q: What are all angiosperms characterized by? A: Roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Ninety-seven Q: What chapters discussed plant classification? A: Chapters two and three.

Ninety-eight Q: What is needed for understanding higher plants? A: Standard technical terms and definitions.

Ninety-nine Q: What are adaptations of plants to environment? A: Variations in different parts for habitats, protection, climbing, storage.

One hundred Q: What example shows all weeds have same parts? A: Pulling out any weed reveals roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.

One hundred one Q: What is the root system? A: Underground part of flowering plant.

One hundred two Q: What is the shoot system? A: Portion above the ground.

One hundred three Q: What leads to primary root formation? A: Direct elongation of the radicle in dicots. One hundred four Q: What bears lateral roots? A: Primary root.

One hundred five Q: What is mustard plant example of? A: Tap root system.

One hundred six Q: What replaces primary root in monocots? A: Large number of roots from stem base.

One hundred seven Q: What is wheat plant example of? A: Fibrous root system.

One hundred eight Q: What is grass example of? A: Adventitious roots.

One hundred nine Q: What is banyan tree example of? A: Adventitious roots.

One hundred ten Q: What is Monstera example of? A: Adventitious roots.

One hundred eleven Q: What absorbs water and minerals? A: Root system from soil.

One hundred twelve Q: What anchors the plant? A: Root system.

One hundred thirteen Q: What stores food in roots? A: Reserve food material.

One hundred fourteen Q: What regulates growth via roots? A: Synthesis of plant growth regulators.

One hundred fifteen Q: What is the QR code for? A: Chapter five content access.

One hundred sixteen Q: What is page fifty-eight about? A: Parts of flowering plant and root types. One hundred seventeen Q: What is the subject header? A: Biology. One hundred eighteen Q: What is the chapter number? A: Chapter five.

One hundred nineteen Q: What is the main topic? A: Morphology of Flowering Plants. One hundred twenty Q: What is the first sub-topic? A: The Root.

One Q: On what basis are flowers classified as hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous? A: Position of calyx, corolla and androecium with respect to the ovary on thalamus.

Two Q: In which type of flower does gynoecium occupy the highest position? A: Hypogynous.

Three Q: What is the position of ovary in hypogynous flowers? A: Superior.

Four Q: Name three examples of hypogynous flowers. A: Mustard, china rose and brinjal.

Five Q: In perigynous flowers, where is gynoecium situated? A: In the centre.

Six Q: What is the position of ovary in perigynous flowers? A: Half inferior.

Seven Q: Name three examples of perigynous flowers. A: Plum, rose and peach.

Eight Q: In epigynous flowers, what happens to the margin of thalamus? A: It grows upward enclosing the ovary completely.

Nine Q: What is the position of ovary in epigynous flowers? A: Inferior.

Ten Q: Name examples of epigynous flowers. A: Guava, cucumber and ray florets of sunflower.

Eleven Q: How many floral whorls does each flower normally have? A: Four.

Twelve Q: What are the four floral whorls? A: Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.

Thirteen Q: What is shown in Figure five point ten? A: Parts of a flower.

Fourteen Q: What is the outermost whorl of a flower? A: Calyx.

Fifteen Q: What are the members of calyx called? A: Sepals.

Sixteen Q: What is the usual color and shape of sepals? A: Green and leaf-like.

Seventeen Q: What is the function of calyx? A: Protects the flower in the bud stage.

Eighteen Q: What is gamosepalous calyx? A: Sepals united.

Nineteen Q: What is polysepalous calyx? A: Sepals free.

Twenty Q: What is corolla composed of? A: Petals.

Twenty-one Q: What is the function of petals? A: Attract insects for pollination.

Twenty-two Q: What is gamopetalous corolla? A: Petals united.

Twenty-three Q: What is polypetalous corolla? A: Petals free.

Twenty-four Q: What shapes can corolla have? A: Tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped.

Twenty-five Q: What is aestivation? A: Mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud.

Twenty-six Q: What are the main types of aestivation? A: Valvate, twisted, imbricate and vexillary.

Twenty-seven Q: What is valvate aestivation? A: Sepals or petals just touch one another at the margin without overlapping.

Twenty-eight Q: Which plant shows valvate aestivation? A: Calotropis.

Twenty-nine Q: What is twisted aestivation? A: One margin of appendage overlaps the next one.

Thirty Q: Which plants show twisted aestivation? A: China rose, lady's finger and cotton.

Thirty-one Q: What is imbricate aestivation? A: Margins overlap one another but not in any particular direction.

Thirty-two Q: Which plants show imbricate aestivation? A: Cassia and gulmohur.

Thirty-three Q: What is vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation? A: Largest petal overlaps two lateral petals which overlap two smallest anterior petals.

Thirty-four Q: Which plants show vexillary aestivation? A: Pea and bean flowers.

Thirty-five Q: What is androecium composed of? A: Stamens.

Thirty-six Q: What does each stamen consist of? A: A stalk or filament and an anther.

Thirty-seven Q: How many lobes does an anther usually have? A: Bilobed.

Thirty-eight Q: What does each lobe of anther contain? A: Two chambers called pollen-sacs.

Thirty-nine Q: What are produced in pollen-sacs? A: Pollen grains.

Forty Q: What is a sterile stamen called? A: Staminode.

Forty-one Q: What are epipetalous stamens? A: Stamens attached to petals.

Forty-two Q: Which plant shows epipetalous stamens? A: Brinjal.

Forty-three Q: What are epiphyllous stamens? A: Stamens attached to perianth.

Forty-four Q: Which plant shows epiphyllous stamens? A: Lily.

Forty-five Q: What is polyandrous condition? A: Stamens remain free.

Forty-six Q: What is monadelphous condition? A: Stamens united into one bundle.

Forty-seven Q: Which plant shows monadelphous stamens? A: China rose.

Forty-eight Q: What is diadelphous condition? A: Stamens united into two bundles.

Forty-nine Q: Which plant shows diadelphous stamens? A: Pea.

Fifty Q: What is polyadelphous condition? A: Stamens united into more than two bundles. Fifty-one Q: Which plant shows polyadelphous stamens? A: Citrus. Fifty-two Q: What varies in length within a flower? A: Filaments.

Fifty-three Q: Name plants showing variation in filament length. A: Salvia and mustard. Fifty-four Q: In hypogynous flowers, ovary is said to be? A: Superior. Fifty-five Q: In perigynous flowers, ovary is said to be? A: Half inferior. Fifty-six Q: In epigynous flowers, ovary is said to be? A: Inferior. Fifty-seven Q: Which flower has superior ovary example? A: Mustard. Fifty-eight Q: Which flower has half inferior ovary example? A: Plum. Fifty-nine Q: Which flower has inferior ovary example? A: Guava. Sixty Q: What protects the flower in bud stage? A: Calyx (sepals). Sixty-one Q: What attracts insects for pollination? A: Corolla (petals). Sixty-two Q: What is the mode of arrangement of sepals/petals in bud called? A: Aestivation. Sixty-three Q: Which aestivation type has no overlapping? A: Valvate. Sixty-four Q: Which aestivation type has one margin overlapping next? A: Twisted. Sixty-five Q: Which aestivation type has irregular overlapping? A: Imbricate. Sixty-six Q: Which aestivation type is also called papilionaceous? A: Vexillary. Sixty-seven Q: What is the male reproductive organ? A: Androecium. Sixty-eight Q: What are the two parts of a stamen? A: Filament and anther.

Sixty-nine Q: What is bilobed anther? A: Anther with two lobes.

Seventy Q: Where are pollen grains produced? A: Pollen-sacs in anther. Seventy-one Q: What is a staminode? A: Sterile stamen.

Seventy-two Q: What are stamens attached to petals called? A: Epipetalous. Seventy-three Q: What are stamens attached to perianth called? A: Epiphyllous. Seventy-four Q: What is free stamens condition? A: Polyandrous. Seventy-five Q: What is one bundle of stamens? A: Monadelphous.

Seventy-six Q: What is two bundles of stamens? A: Diadelphous. Seventy-seven Q: What is more than two bundles? A: Polyadelphous. Seventy-eight Q: What is Figure five point ten? A: Parts of a flower.

Seventy-nine Q: What is Figure five point eleven? A: Types of aestivation in corolla. Eighty Q: Which figure shows valvate aestivation? A: (a) in Figure five point eleven. Eighty-one Q: Which figure shows twisted aestivation? A: (b) in Figure five point eleven. Eighty-two Q: Which figure shows imbricate aestivation? A: (c) in Figure five point eleven. Eighty-three Q: Which figure shows vexillary aestivation? A: (d) in Figure five point eleven. Eighty-four Q: Which flower has superior ovary example? A: Brinjal. Eighty-five Q: Which flower has half inferior ovary example? A: Rose. Eighty-six Q: Which flower has inferior ovary example? A: Cucumber. Eighty-seven Q: What are sepals? A: Members of calyx. Eighty-eight Q: What are petals? A: Members of corolla. Eighty-nine Q: What is gamopetalous? A: United petals or sepals. Ninety Q: What is polypetalous? A: Free petals. Ninety-one Q: What is polysepalous? A: Free sepals. Ninety-two Q: What is gamosepalous? A: United sepals. Ninety-three Q: What colours are petals usually? A: Brightly coloured. Ninety-four Q: What is the function of brightly coloured petals? A: To attract insects.

Ninety-five Q: What varies in corolla? A: Shape and colour. Ninety-six Q: Name shapes of corolla. A: Tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, wheel-shaped. Ninety-seven Q: In which plant is valvate aestivation seen? A: Calotropis. Ninety-eight Q: In which plant is twisted aestivation seen? A: China rose. Ninety-nine Q: In which plant is imbricate aestivation seen? A: Cassia. One hundred Q: In which plant is vexillary aestivation seen? A: Pea. One hundred one Q: What represents male reproductive organ? A: Stamen.

One hundred two Q: What is the stalk of stamen? A: Filament.

One hundred three Q: What is the swollen part of stamen? A: Anther. One hundred four Q: How many pollen-sacs in each anther lobe? A: Two.

One hundred five Q: What is produced in pollen-sacs? A: Pollen grains. One hundred six Q: Which plant has epipetalous stamens? A: Brinjal. One hundred seven Q: Which plant has epiphyllous stamens? A: Lily. One hundred eight Q: Which plant shows monadelphous stamens? A: China rose. One hundred nine Q: Which plant shows diadelphous stamens? A: Pea. One hundred ten Q: Which plant shows polyadelphous stamens? A: Citrus. One hundred eleven Q: What are stamens with united filaments called? A: Adelphous. One hundred twelve Q: What varies in Salvia and mustard? A: Length of filaments. One hundred thirteen Q: What is perigynous condition? A: Ovary half inferior. One hundred fourteen Q: What is epigynous condition? A: Ovary inferior. One hundred fifteen Q: What protects flower bud? A: Sepals (calyx).

One hundred sixteen Q: What attracts pollinators? A: Petals (corolla).

One hundred seventeen Q: What is valvate type? A: Margins just touch. One hundred eighteen Q: What is twisted type? A: One margin overlaps next. One hundred nineteen Q: What is imbricate type? A: Overlapping without fixed direction. One hundred twenty Q: What is vexillary type? A: Standard overlaps wings which overlap keel.

One Q: What is the seed coat in monocot seeds? A: Membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall.

Two Q: What is bulky and stores food in monocot seed? A: Endosperm.

Three Q: What separates embryo from endosperm in monocot seed? A: Outer covering of endosperm.

Four Q: What protein-rich layer covers endosperm? A: Aleurone layer.

Five Q: Where is embryo located in monocot seed? A: In a groove at one end of endosperm.

Six Q: What is the single cotyledon in monocot embryo called? A: Scutellum.

Seven Q: What shape is scutellum? A: Large and shield shaped.

Eight Q: What short axis is attached to scutellum? A: Axis with plumule and radicle.

Nine Q: What sheath encloses plumule? A: Coleoptile.

Ten Q: What sheath encloses radicle? A: Coleorhiza.

Eleven Q: What is shown in Figure five point fifteen? A: Structure of a monocotyledonous seed.

Twelve Q: What is used to describe a flowering plant? A: Various morphological features.

Thirteen Q: How must plant description be? A: Brief, simple, scientific language in proper sequence.

Fourteen Q: With what does plant description begin? A: Its habit.

Fifteen Q: What follows habit in description? A: Vegetative characters (roots, stem, leaves).

Sixteen Q: What follows vegetative characters? A: Floral characters (inflorescence and flower parts).

Seventeen Q: What is presented after plant parts? A: Floral diagram and floral formula.

Eighteen Q: What does floral formula use? A: Some symbols.

Nineteen Q: What does Br stand for in floral formula? A: Bracteate.

Twenty Q: What does K stand for? A: Calyx.

Twenty-one Q: What does C stand for? A: Corolla.

Twenty-two Q: What does P stand for? A: Perianth.

Twenty-three Q: What does A stand for? A: Androecium.

Twenty-four Q: What does G stand for? A: Gynoecium.

Twenty-five Q: What does G with superscript indicate? A: Superior ovary.

Twenty-six Q: What does G with line below indicate? A: Inferior ovary.

Twenty-seven Q: What does ampersand stand for? A: Male. Twenty-eight Q: What does ampersand stand for? A: Female.

Twenty-nine Q: What does ampersand I stand for? A: Bisexual plants.

Thirty Q: What does ampersand stand for? A: Actinomorphic.

Thirty-one Q: What does percent sign stand for? A: Zygomorphic.

Thirty-two Q: How is fusion shown in floral formula? A: Figure within bracket.

Thirty-three Q: How is adhesion shown? A: Line drawn above symbols.

Thirty-four Q: What does floral diagram show? A: Arrangement and relation of floral parts.

Thirty-five Q: What shows mother axis position? A: Dot on top of floral diagram.

Thirty-six Q: What is drawn in successive whorls? A: Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.

Thirty-seven Q: What does floral diagram show for mustard? A: Family Brassicaceae.

Thirty-eight Q: What is five point nine section title? A: Solanaceae.

Thirty-nine Q: What is Solanaceae commonly called? A: Potato family.

Forty Q: Where is Solanaceae widely distributed? A: Tropics, subtropics and temperate zones.

Forty-one Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen? A: Solanum nigrum (makoi) plant.

Forty-two Q: What are vegetative characters of Solanaceae? A: Mostly herbs, shrubs and rarely small trees.

Forty-three Q: What type of stem in Solanaceae? A: Herbaceous rarely woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous.

Forty-four Q: What is underground stem in potato? A: Tuberous (Solanum tuberosum).

Forty-five Q: What type of leaves in Solanaceae? A: Alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate.

Forty-six Q: What venation in Solanaceae leaves? A: Reticulate.

Forty-seven Q: What is inflorescence in Solanaceae? A: Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solanum.

Forty-eight Q: What type of flower in Solanaceae? A: Bisexual, actinomorphic.

Forty-nine Q: How many sepals in Solanaceae calyx? A: Five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation.

Fifty Q: How many petals in Solanaceae corolla? A: Five, united, valvate aestivation.

Fifty-one Q: How many stamens in Solanaceae androecium? A: Five, epipetalous.

Fifty-two Q: What type of gynoecium in Solanaceae? A: Bicarpellary, obliquely placed, syncarpous, ovary superior, bilocular, placenta swollen with many ovules, axile.

Fifty-three Q: What type of fruit in Solanaceae? A: Berry or capsule.

Fifty-four Q: What type of seeds in Solanaceae? A: Many, endospermous.

Fifty-five Q: What is floral formula of Solanaceae? A: K five C five A five G two.

Fifty-six Q: What is economic importance of Solanaceae? A: Source of food (tomato, brinjal, potato), spice (chilli).

Fifty-seven Q: What medicinal plants in Solanaceae? A: Belladonna, ashwagandha.

Fifty-eight Q: What fumigatory plant in Solanaceae? A: Tobacco.

Fifty-nine Q: What ornamental in Solanaceae? A: Petunia.

Sixty Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen (a)? A: Flowering twig of Solanum nigrum.

Sixty-one Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen (b)? A: Flower.

Sixty-two Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen (c)? A: Lateral view of flower.

Sixty-three Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen (d)? A: Stamens.

Sixty-four Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen (e)? A: Carpel.

Sixty-five Q: What is shown in Figure five point seventeen (f)? A: Floral diagram.

Sixty-six Q: What do flowering plants exhibit? A: Enormous variation in shape, size, structure, mode of nutrition, life span, habit and habitat.

Sixty-seven Q: What well-developed systems do flowering plants have? A: Root and shoot systems.

Sixty-eight Q: What type of root system in dicotyledonous plants? A: Tap roots.

Sixty-nine Q: What type of root system in monocotyledonous plants? A: Fibrous roots.

Seventy Q: What modifications do some roots have? A: For storage of food, mechanical support and respiration.

Seventy-one Q: What is shoot system differentiated into? A: Stem, leaves, flowers and fruits.

Seventy-two Q: What features differentiate stems from roots? A: Presence of nodes and internodes, multicellular hair.

Seventy-three Q: What is leaf? A: Lateral outgrowth of stem developed exogenously at node.

Seventy-four Q: What is phototropic nature of leaf? A: Helps differentiate stems from roots.

Seventy-five Q: What colour are leaves? A: Green to perform photosynthesis.

Seventy-six Q: What variations do leaves show? A: In shape, size, margin, apex and extent of incisions of leaf blade (lamina).

Seventy-seven Q: What is flower? A: Modified shoot meant for sexual reproduction.

Seventy-eight Q: What variations do flowers exhibit? A: Enormous variation in structure, symmetry, position of ovary.

Seventy-nine Q: What relation do flowers have? A: To other parts, arrangement of petals, sepals, ovules etc.

Eighty Q: What develops after fertilisation? A: Ovary into fruits and ovules into seeds.

Eighty-one Q: What variations do seeds show? A: In shape, size and period of viability.

Eighty-two Q: What is basis of classification? A: Floral characteristics.

Eighty-three Q: What is seed coat in monocot? A: Membranous and fused with fruit wall.

Eighty-four Q: What stores food in monocot seed? A: Bulky endosperm.

Eighty-five Q: What separates embryo in monocot seed? A: Aleurone layer.

Eighty-six Q: What is scutellum? A: Large shield-shaped cotyledon.

Eighty-seven Q: What encloses plumule and radicle? A: Coleoptile and coleorhiza sheaths.

Eighty-eight Q: What is semi-technical description? A: Brief scientific description in proper sequence.

Eighty-nine Q: What symbols are used in floral formula? A: Br, K, C, P, A, G, N and N percent.

Ninety Q: What family is potato family? A: Solanaceae.

Ninety-one Q: What are vegetative characters of Solanaceae? A: Herbs, shrubs, stem erect branched, leaves alternate simple.

Ninety-two Q: What is inflorescence in Solanaceae? A: Solitary, axillary or cymose.

Ninety-three Q: What is gynoecium in Solanaceae? A: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, axile placentation.

Ninety-four Q: What is fruit in Solanaceae? A: Berry or capsule.

Ninety-five Q: What economic products from Solanaceae? A: Tomato, potato, chilli, tobacco, petunia.

Ninety-six Q: What is floral formula of Solanaceae? A: Double bracket K five, C five, A five, G two.

Ninety-seven Q: What is root system in dicots? A: Tap root. Ninety-eight Q: What is root system in monocots? A: Fibrous root. Ninety-nine Q: What is leaf function? A: Photosynthesis. One hundred Q: What is flower for? A: Sexual reproduction. One hundred one Q: What develops into fruit? A: Ovary after fertilisation. One hundred two Q: What develops into seed? A: Ovule after fertilisation. One hundred three Q: What is aleurone layer? A: Proteinaceous layer in endosperm.

One hundred four Q: What is coleoptile? A: Sheath enclosing plumule. One hundred five Q: What is coleorhiza? A: Sheath enclosing radicle. One hundred six Q: What is floral diagram? A: Graphical representation of flower parts. One hundred seven Q: What is Solanaceae also known as? A: Potato family. One hundred eight Q: What leaf venation in Solanaceae? A: Reticulate. One hundred nine Q: What placentation in Solanaceae? A: Axile. One hundred ten Q: What is berry in Solanaceae? A: Fruit type like tomato.

One hundred eleven Q: What is capsule in Solanaceae? A: Fruit type like brinjal.

One hundred twelve Q: What seeds are in Solanaceae? A: Many and endospermous. One hundred thirteen Q: What is habit of Solanaceae? A: Mostly herbs and shrubs. One hundred fourteen Q: What stem feature in potato? A: Tuberous underground stem. One hundred fifteen Q: What is aestivation in Solanaceae corolla? A: Valvate. One hundred sixteen Q: What is epipetalous in Solanaceae? A: Stamens attached to petals. One hundred seventeen Q: What is superior ovary in Solanaceae? A: Gynoecium position. One hundred eighteen Q: What economic use of chilli? A: Spice.

One hundred nineteen Q: What economic use of tobacco? A: Fumigatory. One hundred twenty Q: What is basis of plant classification? A: Floral characteristics and period of viability.

One Q: What covers the apex of the root? A: A thimble-like structure called root cap.

Two Q: What is the function of root cap? A: It protects the tender apex of the root.

Three Q: What is present a few millimetres above the root cap? A: Region of meristematic activity.

Four Q: What are the features of cells in meristematic region? A: Very small, thin-walled with dense protoplasm.

Five Q: What do cells in meristematic region do? A: Divide repeatedly.

Six Q: What is the region proximal to meristematic activity called? A: Region of elongation.

Seven Q: What happens in the region of elongation? A: Cells undergo rapid elongation and enlargement.

Eight Q: What is the function of region of elongation? A: Responsible for growth of root in length.

Nine Q: What is the zone proximal to region of elongation? A: Region of maturation.

Ten Q: What happens to cells in region of maturation? A: They gradually differentiate and mature.

Eleven Q: What structures form from some epidermal cells in region of maturation? A: Very fine and delicate root hairs.

Twelve Q: What is the function of root hairs? A: Absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Thirteen Q: What is shown in Figure five point three? A: The regions of the root-tip.

Fourteen Q: What are the four regions labelled in root tip diagram? A: Region of maturation, region of elongation, region of meristematic activity, root cap.

Fifteen Q: What distinguishes a stem from a root? A: Stem is the ascending part bearing branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.

Sixteen Q: From which part of embryo does stem develop? A: Plumule of the germinating seed.

Seventeen Q: What does the stem bear? A: Nodes and internodes.

Eighteen Q: What are nodes? A: Regions where leaves are born.

Nineteen Q: What are internodes? A: Portions between two nodes.

Twenty Q: What does the stem bear? A: Buds (terminal or axillary).

Twenty-one Q: What colour change may occur in stem as it ages? A: Young stem is green but later becomes woody and dark brown.

Twenty-two Q: What is the main function of stem? A: Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits.

Twenty-three Q: What does stem conduct? A: Water, minerals and photosynthates.

Twenty-four Q: What additional functions can some stems perform? A: Storage of food, support and vegetative propagation.

Twenty-five Q: What is a leaf? A: A lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem.

Twenty-six Q: What is present in the axil of a leaf? A: A bud.

Twenty-seven Q: What is the axillary bud? A: It later develops into a branch.

Twenty-eight Q: From where do leaves originate? A: Shoot apical meristems.

Twenty-nine Q: In what order are leaves arranged? A: Acropetal order.

Thirty Q: What is the most important function of leaves? A: Photosynthesis.

Thirty-one Q: How many main parts does a typical leaf consist of? A: Three main parts.

Thirty-two Q: What are the three main parts of a leaf? A: Leaf base, petiole and lamina.

Thirty-three Q: What is shown in Figure five point four (a)? A: Parts of a leaf.

Thirty-four Q: What attaches the leaf to the stem? A: Leaf base.

Thirty-five Q: What may leaf base bear? A: Two lateral small leaf-like structures called stipules.

Thirty-six Q: In which plants does leaf base form a sheath? A: Monocotyledons.

Thirty-seven Q: What is pulvinus? A: Swollen leaf base in some leguminous plants.

Thirty-eight Q: What is the function of petiole? A: Holds the leaf blade to light and allows fluttering in wind.

Thirty-nine Q: What is lamina also called? A: Leaf blade.

Forty Q: What is the green expanded part of leaf? A: Lamina.

Forty-one Q: What is present in lamina? A: Veins and veinlets.

Forty-two Q: What is the middle prominent vein in leaf called? A: Midrib.

Forty-three Q: What do veins provide to leaf blade? A: Rigidity.

Forty-four Q: What do veins act as? A: Channels for transport of water, minerals and food materials.

Forty-five Q: What varies in different leaves? A: Shape, margin, apex, surface and extent of incision of lamina.

Forty-six Q: What is venation? A: Arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of leaf.

Forty-seven Q: What is reticulate venation? A: Veins form a network.

Forty-eight Q: What is shown in Figure five point four (b)? A: Reticulate venation.

Forty-nine Q: What is parallel venation? A: Veins run parallel to each other within lamina.

Fifty Q: What is shown in Figure five point four (c)? A: Parallel venation.

Fifty-one Q: Which plants generally have reticulate venation? A: Dicotyledonous plants.

Fifty-two Q: Which plants have parallel venation? A: Most monocotyledons.

Fifty-three Q: When is a leaf called simple? A: When its lamina is entire or incisions do not touch the midrib.

Fifty-four Q: When is a leaf called compound? A: When incisions of lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into leaflets.

Fifty-five Q: Where is the bud present in simple and compound leaves? A: In the axil of petiole.

Fifty-six Q: Where is the bud not present in compound leaf? A: In the axil of leaflets.

Fifty-seven Q: What are the two types of compound leaves? A: Pinnately compound and palmately compound.

Fifty-eight Q: What is shown in Figure five point five (a)? A: Pinnately compound leaf (Neem).

Fifty-nine Q: What is shown in Figure five point five (b)? A: Palmately compound leaf (Silk Cotton).

Sixty Q: What is rachis? A: The main axis in pinnately compound leaf.

Sixty-one Q: What protects the root apex? A: Root cap.

Sixty-two Q: What region has small thin-walled cells with dense protoplasm? A: Region of meristematic activity.

Sixty-three Q: Which region is responsible for increase in root length? A: Region of elongation.

Sixty-four Q: Which region has mature differentiated cells? A: Region of maturation.

Sixty-five Q: What absorb water and minerals? A: Root hairs.

Sixty-six Q: What is the ascending part of plant axis? A: Stem.

Sixty-seven Q: What develops from plumule? A: Stem.

Sixty-eight Q: What are nodes and internodes? A: Parts of stem.

Sixty-nine Q: What may buds on stem be? A: Terminal or axillary.

Seventy Q: What conducts photosynthates? A: Stem.

Seventy-one Q: What is a flattened lateral structure on stem? A: Leaf. Seventy-two Q: What develops from axillary bud? A: Branch. Seventy-three Q: What order are leaves arranged in? A: Acropetal order. Seventy-four Q: What attaches leaf to stem? A: Leaf base. Seventy-five Q: What may be present on leaf base? A: Stipules. Seventy-six Q: What is swollen leaf base called? A: Pulvinus. Seventy-seven Q: What is the stalk of leaf called? A: Petiole. Seventy-eight Q: What is the flat green part of leaf? A: Lamina or leaf blade. Seventy-nine Q: What is the prominent middle vein? A: Midrib.

Eighty Q: What provides rigidity to leaf? A: Veins. Eighty-one Q: What is network of veins called? A: Reticulate venation. Eighty-two Q: What is parallel vein arrangement called? A: Parallel venation. Eighty-three Q: Which venation is characteristic of dicots? A: Reticulate. Eighty-four Q: Which venation is characteristic of monocots? A: Parallel. Eighty-five Q: When is leaf lamina entire? A: In simple leaves. Eighty-six Q: When does lamina break into leaflets? A: In compound leaves. Eighty-seven Q: What is pinnately compound leaf example? A: Neem.

Eighty-eight Q: What is palmately compound leaf example? A: Silk Cotton.

Eighty-nine Q: What is Figure five point three about? A: Regions of the root-tip. Ninety Q: What is Figure five point four about? A: Structure of a leaf.

Ninety-one Q: What labels are in leaf diagram? A: Lamina, stipule, petiole, leaf base, axillary bud.

Ninety-two Q: What are two types of venation shown? A: Reticulate and parallel.

Ninety-three Q: What are two types of compound leaves? A: Pinnately and palmately.

Ninety-four Q: What protects tender root apex? A: Root cap.

Ninety-five Q: What cells divide repeatedly in root? A: Meristematic region cells. Ninety-six Q: What causes root to grow in length? A: Region of elongation.

Ninety-seven Q: Where do root hairs develop? A: Region of maturation.

Ninety-eight Q: What bears nodes and internodes? A: Stem.

Ninety-nine Q: What is main function of stem? A: Spreading branches with leaves, flowers and fruits. One hundred Q: What additional functions can stem perform? A: Storage, support and vegetative propagation.

One hundred one Q: What is borne on stem? A: Leaf.

One hundred two Q: What is present at node in leaf axil? A: Axillary bud.

One hundred three Q: What three parts make a typical leaf? A: Leaf base, petiole, lamina.

One hundred four Q: What is pulvinus? A: Swollen leaf base in legumes.

One hundred five Q: What allows leaf to flutter in wind? A: Petiole.

One hundred six Q: What transports water in leaf? A: Veins.

One hundred seven Q: What is midrib? A: Middle prominent vein.

One hundred eight Q: What is reticulate venation? A: Veins forming a network.

One hundred nine Q: What venation do dicots have? A: Reticulate venation.

One hundred ten Q: What venation do monocots have? A: Parallel venation.

One hundred eleven Q: What is simple leaf? A: Lamina entire or incisions not reaching midrib.

One hundred twelve Q: What is compound leaf? A: Lamina divided into leaflets.

One hundred thirteen Q: In which leaf is bud absent in leaflet axil? A: Compound leaf.

One hundred fourteen Q: What is pinnately compound leaf? A: Leaflets on both sides of rachis.

One hundred fifteen Q: What is palmately compound leaf? A: Leaflets attached at one point.

One hundred sixteen Q: Which plant shows pinnately compound leaf? A: Neem.

One hundred seventeen Q: Which plant shows palmately compound leaf? A: Silk Cotton.

One hundred eighteen Q: What is rachis in compound leaf? A: Main axis bearing leaflets.

One hundred nineteen Q: What labels appear in root tip diagram? A: Root hair, region of maturation, region of elongation, region of meristematic activity, root cap.

One hundred twenty Q: What is the chapter and page range covering root regions to leaf types? A: Morphology of Flowering Plants, pages fifty-nine to sixty.

One Q: In palmately compound leaves, where are leaflets attached? A: At a common point at the tip of petiole.

Two Q: Which plant shows palmately compound leaves? A: Silk cotton.

Three Q: What is phyllotaxy? A: Pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.

Four Q: How many usual types of phyllotaxy exist? A: Three types.

Five Q: What are the three types of phyllotaxy? A: Alternate, opposite and whorled.

Six Q: What is shown in Figure five point six? A: Different types of phyllotaxy.

Seven Q: In alternate phyllotaxy, how many leaves arise at each node? A: A single leaf.

Eight Q: Which plants show alternate phyllotaxy? A: China rose, mustard and sunflower plants.

Nine Q: In opposite phyllotaxy, how many leaves arise at each node? A: A pair of leaves.

Ten Q: How do leaves lie in opposite phyllotaxy? A: Opposite to each other.

Eleven Q: Which plants show opposite phyllotaxy? A: Calotropis and guava plants.

Twelve Q: When is phyllotaxy called whorled? A: More than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl.

Thirteen Q: Which plant shows whorled phyllotaxy? A: Alstonia.

Fourteen Q: What is labelled (a) in Figure five point six? A: Alternate phyllotaxy in China rose.

Fifteen Q: What is labelled (b) in Figure five point six? A: Opposite phyllotaxy in Guava.

Sixteen Q: What is labelled (c) in Figure five point six? A: Whorled phyllotaxy in Alstonia.

Seventeen Q: What is five point four section title? A: The Inflorescence.

Eighteen Q: What is a flower? A: A modified shoot.

Nineteen Q: What changes in the shoot apical meristem for flower formation? A: It changes to floral meristem.

Twenty Q: What happens to internodes in a flower? A: Internodes do not elongate.

Twenty-one Q: What happens to the floral axis? A: The axis gets condensed.

Twenty-two Q: What does the apex produce in a flower? A: Different kinds of floral appendages laterally at successive nodes.

Twenty-three Q: What replaces leaves in floral axis? A: Floral appendages.

Twenty-four Q: When is a shoot tip transformation called solitary? A: When it transforms into a flower.

Twenty-five Q: What is the arrangement of flowers on floral axis called? A: Inflorescence. Twenty-six Q: How many major types of inflorescences are there? A: Two major types. Twenty-seven Q: What are the two major types of inflorescences? A: Racemose and cymose. Twenty-eight Q: In racemose inflorescence, what continues to grow? A: The main axis. Twenty-nine Q: How are flowers borne in racemose type? A: Laterally in an acropetal succession. Thirty Q: What is shown in Figure five point seven? A: Racemose inflorescence. Thirty-one Q: In cymose inflorescence, what happens to main axis? A: It terminates in a flower. Thirty-two Q: What is growth pattern in cymose inflorescence? A: Limited in growth.

Thirty-three Q: How are flowers borne in cymose type? A: In a basipetal order.

Thirty-four Q: What is shown in Figure five point eight? A: Cymose inflorescence.

Thirty-five Q: What is five point five section title? A: The Flower.

Thirty-six Q: What is the flower in angiosperms? A: The reproductive unit meant for sexual reproduction.

Thirty-seven Q: How many whorls does a typical flower have? A: Four different kinds of whorls. Thirty-eight Q: What is the swollen end of stalk or pedicel called? A: Thalamus or receptacle. Thirty-nine Q: What are the four whorls on thalamus? A: Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Forty Q: Which organs are accessory in a flower? A: Calyx and corolla.

Forty-one Q: Which organs are reproductive in a flower? A: Androecium and gynoecium.

Forty-two Q: In which flowers are calyx and corolla not distinct? A: Flowers like lily.

Forty-three Q: What is perianth? A: When calyx and corolla are not distinct.

Forty-four Q: When is a flower bisexual? A: When it has both androecium and gynoecium.

Forty-five Q: When is a flower unisexual? A: When it has either only stamens or only carpels.

Forty-six Q: What are the symmetry types of flowers? A: Actinomorphic or zygomorphic.

Forty-seven Q: What is actinomorphic symmetry? A: Radial symmetry.

Forty-eight Q: What is zygomorphic symmetry? A: Bilateral symmetry.

Forty-nine Q: When is a flower actinomorphic? A: When it can be divided into two equal radial halves by any radial plane.

Fifty Q: Which plants show actinomorphic flowers? A: Mustard, datura, chilli.

Fifty-one Q: When is a flower zygomorphic? A: When it can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane.

Fifty-two Q: Which plants show zygomorphic flowers? A: Pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia.

Fifty-three Q: When is a flower asymmetric? A: When it cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane.

Fifty-four Q: Which plant shows asymmetric flowers? A: Canna.

Fifty-five Q: What is trimerous flower? A: Floral appendages in multiple of three.

Fifty-six Q: What is tetramerous flower? A: Floral appendages in multiple of four.

Fifty-seven Q: What is pentamerous flower? A: Floral appendages in multiple of five.

Fifty-eight Q: What are flowers with bracts called? A: Bracteate.

Fifty-nine Q: What are flowers without bracts called? A: Ebracteate.

Sixty Q: What is shown in Figure five point nine? A: Position of floral parts on thalamus.

Sixty-one Q: What is labelled (a) in Figure five point nine? A: Hypogynous.

Sixty-two Q: What is labelled (b) and (c) in Figure five point nine? A: Perigynous.

Sixty-three Q: What is labelled (d) in Figure five point nine? A: Epigynous.

Sixty-four Q: In palmately compound leaves, what represents the midrib? A: The rachis. Sixty-five Q: Which plant example is given for palmately compound leaves? A: Silk cotton.

Sixty-six Q: What is the common point for leaflets in palmately compound leaves? A: Tip of petiole. Sixty-seven Q: What is the pattern of leaf arrangement called? A: Phyllotaxy. Sixty-eight Q: On which part does phyllotaxy occur? A: On the stem or branch. Sixty-nine Q: Which figure shows different types of phyllotaxy? A: Figure five point six. Seventy Q: In which plant is alternate phyllotaxy shown? A: China rose. Seventy-one Q: In which plant is opposite phyllotaxy shown? A: Guava. Seventy-two Q: In which plant is whorled phyllotaxy shown? A: Alstonia.

Seventy-three Q: What is a modified shoot? A: A flower.

Seventy-four Q: What does not elongate in floral axis? A: Internodes.

Seventy-five Q: What produces floral appendages? A: The apex.

Seventy-six Q: What is inflorescence? A: Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. Seventy-seven Q: Which type of inflorescence has acropetal succession? A: Racemose. Seventy-eight Q: Which type of inflorescence has basipetal order? A: Cymose. Seventy-nine Q: What continues to grow in racemose? A: Main axis. Eighty Q: What terminates in cymose? A: Main axis in a flower. Eighty-one Q: What is the reproductive unit in angiosperms? A: The flower. Eighty-two Q: What is meant for sexual reproduction? A: The flower. Eighty-three Q: What is thalamus also called? A: Receptacle. Eighty-four Q: Which whorls are accessory organs? A: Calyx and corolla.

Eighty-five Q: Which whorls are reproductive organs? A: Androecium and gynoecium.

Eighty-six Q: What is perianth? A: Undistinct calyx and corolla. Eighty-seven Q: What is a bisexual flower? A: Has both androecium and gynoecium. Eighty-eight Q: What is a unisexual flower? A: Has only stamens or only carpels. Eighty-nine Q: What is radial symmetry called? A: Actinomorphic. Ninety Q: What is bilateral symmetry called? A: Zygomorphic. Ninety-one Q: Which flowers are actinomorphic? A: Mustard, datura, chilli. Ninety-two Q: Which flowers are zygomorphic? A: Pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia. Ninety-three Q: Which flower is asymmetric? A: Canna.

Ninety-four Q: What is trimerous? A: Multiples of three. Ninety-five Q: What is tetramerous? A: Multiples of four. Ninety-six Q: What is pentamerous? A: Multiples of five. Ninety-seven Q: What are bracteate flowers? A: Flowers with bracts. Ninety-eight Q: What are ebracteate flowers? A: Flowers without bracts. Ninety-nine Q: What position is hypogynous? A: Floral parts on thalamus (a). One hundred Q: What position is perigynous? A: Floral parts on thalamus (b) and (c).

One hundred one Q: What position is epigynous? A: Floral parts on thalamus. One hundred two Q: What is rachis in compound leaves? A: Common axis representing midrib. One hundred three Q: Which plant shows alternate phyllotaxy in Figure five point six? A: China rose. One hundred four Q: Which plant shows opposite phyllotaxy in Figure five point six? A: Guava. One hundred five Q: Which plant shows whorled phyllotaxy in Figure five point six? A: Alstonia. One hundred six Q: What changes to floral meristem? A: Shoot apical meristem. One hundred seven Q: What is condensed in flower? A: The axis. One hundred eight Q: What is solitary flower? A: When shoot tip transforms into a flower. One hundred nine Q: What is acropetal succession? A: In racemose inflorescence. One hundred ten Q: What is basipetal order? A: In cymose inflorescence. One hundred eleven Q: What is Figure five point seven? A: Racemose inflorescence. One hundred twelve Q: What is Figure five point eight? A: Cymose inflorescence. One hundred thirteen Q: What is thalamus? A: Swollen end of stalk or pedicel. One hundred fourteen Q: What are accessory organs? A: Calyx and corolla. One hundred fifteen Q: What are reproductive organs? A: Androecium and gynoecium.

One hundred sixteen Q: When is flower called bisexual? A: Both androecium and gynoecium present. One hundred seventeen Q: When is flower called unisexual? A: Only stamens or only carpels. One hundred eighteen Q: What symmetry is actinomorphic? A: Radial symmetry. One hundred nineteen Q: What symmetry is zygomorphic? A: Bilateral symmetry. One hundred twenty Q: What is asymmetric flower example? A: Canna.

One Q: What is gynoecium? A: Female reproductive part of the flower.

Two Q: What is gynoecium made up of? A: One or more carpels.

Three Q: What are the three parts of a carpel? A: Stigma, style and ovary.

Four Q: What is the enlarged basal part of carpel? A: Ovary.

Five Q: What lies on the ovary? A: Elongated tube called the style.

Six Q: What connects the ovary to the stigma? A: The style.

Seven Q: Where is the stigma usually located? A: At the tip of the style.

Eight Q: What is the function of stigma? A: Receptive surface for pollen grains.

Nine Q: What does each ovary bear? A: One or more ovules attached to placenta.

Ten Q: What is placenta? A: Flattened cushion-like structure.

Eleven Q: What are free carpels called? A: Apocarpous (as in lotus and rose).

Twelve Q: What are fused carpels called? A: Syncarpous (as in mustard and tomato).

Thirteen Q: What happens to ovules after fertilisation? A: Develop into seeds.

Fourteen Q: What happens to ovary after fertilisation? A: Matures into a fruit.

Fifteen Q: What is placentation? A: Arrangement of ovules within the ovary.

Sixteen Q: Name the types of placentation. A: Marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central and free central.

Seventeen Q: In marginal placentation, what forms? A: Placenta ridge along ventral suture of ovary.

Eighteen Q: Which plant shows marginal placentation? A: Pea.

Nineteen Q: In axile placentation, where are ovules attached? A: To axial placenta in multilocular ovary.

Twenty Q: Name plants with axile placentation. A: China rose, tomato and lemon.

Twenty-one Q: In parietal placentation, where do ovules develop? A: On inner wall of ovary or peripheral part.

Twenty-two Q: What happens to ovary in parietal placentation? A: Becomes two-chambered due to false septum.

Twenty-three Q: Name plants with parietal placentation. A: Mustard and Argemone.

Twenty-four Q: In free central placentation, where are ovules borne? A: On central axis with septa absent.

Twenty-five Q: Name plants with free central placentation. A: Dianthus and Primrose.

Twenty-six Q: In basal placentation, where is placenta located? A: At base of ovary with single ovule attached.

Twenty-seven Q: Name plants with basal placentation. A: Sunflower and marigold.

Twenty-eight Q: What is fruit? A: Mature or ripened ovary developed after fertilisation.

Twenty-nine Q: What is parthenocarpic fruit? A: Fruit formed without fertilisation of ovary.

Thirty Q: What does fruit consist of? A: Wall or pericarp and seeds.

Thirty-one Q: What may pericarp be? A: Dry or fleshy.

Thirty-two Q: What is pericarp differentiated into when thick and fleshy? A: Outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp.

Thirty-three Q: What is a drupe? A: Fruit of mango and coconut.

Thirty-four Q: From what do drupes develop? A: Monocarpellary superior ovaries.

Thirty-five Q: How many seeds are in a drupe? A: One seeded.

Thirty-six Q: In mango, what is outer pericarp layer? A: Thin epicarp.

Thirty-seven Q: In mango, what is middle pericarp layer? A: Fleshy edible mesocarp.

Thirty-eight Q: In mango, what is inner pericarp layer? A: Stony hard endocarp.

Thirty-nine Q: In coconut drupe, what is mesocarp? A: Fibrous.

Forty Q: What develops from ovules after fertilisation? A: Seeds.

Forty-one Q: What is a seed made up of? A: Seed coat and embryo.

Forty-two Q: What is embryo made up of? A: Radicle, embryonal axis and one or two cotyledons.

Forty-three Q: Which plants have one cotyledon? A: Wheat and maize.

Forty-four Q: Which plants have two cotyledons? A: Gram and pea.

Forty-five Q: What covers a seed? A: Seed coat.

Forty-six Q: What are the two layers of seed coat? A: Outer testa and inner tegmen.

Forty-seven Q: What is hilum? A: Scar on seed coat where seed was attached to fruit.

Forty-eight Q: What is micropyle? A: Small pore above hilum.

Forty-nine Q: What is inside the seed coat? A: Embryo consisting of embryonal axis and two cotyledons.

Fifty Q: What are cotyledons full of? A: Reserve food materials. Fifty-one Q: What is at the two ends of embryonal axis? A: Radicle and plumule. Fifty-two Q: What is endosperm? A: Food storing tissue formed by double fertilisation. Fifty-three Q: Which seeds are endospermic? A: Castor.

Fifty-four Q: Which seeds are non-endospermous? A: Bean, gram and pea.

Fifty-five Q: Are monocotyledonous seeds usually endospermic? A: Yes. Fifty-six Q: Which monocot seeds are non-endospermic? A: Orchids.

Fifty-seven Q: Which cereal seeds are endospermic? A: Maize. Fifty-eight Q: What is shown in Figure five point twelve? A: Types of placentation. Fifty-nine Q: What is labelled (a) in Figure five point twelve? A: Marginal placentation. Sixty Q: What is labelled (b) in Figure five point twelve? A: Axile placentation. Sixty-one Q: What is labelled (c) in Figure five point twelve? A: Parietal placentation. Sixty-two Q: What is labelled (d) in Figure five point twelve? A: Free central placentation. Sixty-three Q: What is labelled (e) in Figure five point twelve? A: Basal placentation.

Sixty-four Q: What is shown in Figure five point thirteen? A: Parts of a fruit. Sixty-five Q: What is labelled in mango fruit diagram? A: Epicarp, mesocarp, seed and endocarp.

Sixty-six Q: What is shown in coconut fruit? A: Drupe with fibrous mesocarp.

Sixty-seven Q: What is shown in Figure five point fourteen? A: Structure of dicotyledonous seed.

Sixty-eight Q: What is labelled in dicot seed diagram? A: Seed coat, hilum, micropyle, cotyledon, plumule and radicle.

Sixty-nine Q: What is the female reproductive part? A: Gynoecium.

Seventy Q: What are carpels? A: Units of gynoecium. Seventy-one Q: What receives pollen grains? A: Stigma. Seventy-two Q: What connects style to ovary? A: Style. Seventy-three Q: What are free carpels? A: Apocarpous.

Seventy-four Q: What are united carpels? A: Syncarpous.

Seventy-five Q: What matures into fruit? A: Ovary.

Seventy-six Q: What is arrangement of ovules called? A: Placentation.

Seventy-seven Q: Which placentation has ridge along ventral suture? A: Marginal. Seventy-eight Q: Which placentation has axial placenta? A: Axile. Seventy-nine Q: Which placentation has ovules on inner wall? A: Parietal. Eighty Q: Which placentation has ovules on central axis? A: Free central.

Eighty-one Q: Which placentation has single ovule at base? A: Basal. Eighty-two Q: What is ripened ovary? A: Fruit. Eighty-three Q: What is fruit without fertilisation? A: Parthenocarpic fruit. Eighty-four Q: What is fruit wall called? A: Pericarp. Eighty-five Q: What are three layers of fleshy pericarp? A: Epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Eighty-six Q: What is fleshy edible part in mango? A: Mesocarp. Eighty-seven Q: What is stony part in mango? A: Endocarp.

Eighty-eight Q: What is fibrous in coconut? A: Mesocarp.

Eighty-nine Q: What develops into seed? A: Ovule.

Ninety Q: What covers the seed? A: Seed coat. Ninety-one Q: What are seed coat layers? A: Testa (outer) and tegmen (inner). Ninety-two Q: What is scar on seed coat? A: Hilum.

Ninety-three Q: What is pore on seed coat? A: Micropyle.

Ninety-four Q: What is inside seed? A: Embryo. Ninety-five Q: What does embryo consist of? A: Embryonal axis, radicle and cotyledons. Ninety-six Q: How many cotyledons in dicot? A: Two.

Ninety-seven Q: What stores food in cotyledons? A: Reserve food materials. Ninety-eight Q: What is at lower end of embryonal axis? A: Radicle. Ninety-nine Q: What is at upper end of embryonal axis? A: Plumule.

One hundred Q: What is endosperm? A: Food storing tissue in some seeds. One hundred one Q: Which seeds lack endosperm at maturity? A: Bean, gram and pea. One hundred two Q: Are monocot seeds usually endospermic? A: Yes. One hundred three Q: Which monocot seeds lack endosperm? A: Orchids. One hundred four Q: What is gynoecium also called? A: Female reproductive part. One hundred five Q: What attaches ovules? A: Placenta.

One hundred six Q: What is apocarpous example? A: Lotus and rose. One hundred seven Q: What is syncarpous example? A: Mustard and tomato. One hundred eight Q: What is marginal placentation example? A: Pea. One hundred nine Q: What is axile placentation example? A: China rose. One hundred ten Q: What is parietal placentation example? A: Mustard. One hundred eleven Q: What is free central placentation example? A: Dianthus. One hundred twelve Q: What is basal placentation example? A: Sunflower. One hundred thirteen Q: What is pericarp in dry fruit? A: Dry. One hundred fourteen Q: What is pericarp in fleshy fruit? A: Thick and fleshy.

One hundred fifteen Q: What is drupe example? A: Mango and coconut.

One hundred sixteen Q: What is seed coat outer layer? A: Testa. One hundred seventeen Q: What is seed coat inner layer? A: Tegmen. One hundred eighteen Q: What attaches seed to fruit? A: Hilum. One hundred nineteen Q: What is pore for water entry? A: Micropyle. One hundred twenty Q: What is food storing in endospermic seeds? A: Endosperm.