The Moon, Stars, and the Foundations of Astronomy

One. Phases of the Moon

The phases of the Moon describe the changing appearance of the Moon as seen from Earth. These changes happen because the Moon orbits the Earth and reflects sunlight. As its position changes, we see different portions of the illuminated surface, such as new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter.

Two. Constellations

Constellations are groups of stars that form recognizable patterns in the night sky. Early astronomers used them for navigation, keeping track of seasons, and storytelling. Examples include Orion, Ursa Major, and Scorpius.