WEATHERING AND SOIL FORMATION
Difference between SEDIMENTATION
D. ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST
E. MINERALS AND MINERALOGY
F. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
G. BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES
Three. Biological weathering.
Well-known Soil Scientists.
J. Five FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION
Three. Relief or Topography.
One. O horizon - part of Topsoil.
Two. A horizon - part of Topsoil.
Four. B horizon - Subsoil.
M. GENERAL PROCESSES OF SOIL FORMATION
j) Calcification - processes including accumulation of calcium carbonate
One. Faunalturbation - soil mixing by animals
Effects of High Bulk Density
Factors Affecting Bulk Density
Factors affecting infiltration.
Two. Volumetric Moisture Content.
Water at Various Moisture Condition.
Two. Plastic Consistency.
Concretions - compact mass of mineral matter, usually spherical or disk-shaped, embedded in sedimentary rocks.
Characteristics of Soil Colloid:
Basic Units of Silicate Clays.
Two. Aluminum Octahedron.
A. One to one Non-expanding Type (Kaolinite).
B. Two to one Highly Expanding (Montmorillonite).
C. Two to one Limited Expanding (Vermiculite).
D. Two to one Non-expanding (Illite).
E. Two to one one Non-expanding (Chlorite).
Sources of Negative Charge.
Two. Ionization of exposed hydroxyl group.
Three. Organic colloids (Functional groups).
One. Protonation of exposed hydroxyl group.
Cation exchange - process by which cations are reversibly adsorbed on charged surfaces of sediments from soil solution.
Cation Exchange Capacity.
Soil Properties Affecting Cation Exchange Capacity.
Computation for Base Saturation
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
Two. Reserve Acidity - Hydrogen ions H plus dissolved in soil solution.
Relative Neutralizing Value (Calcium Carbonate Equivalent).
Management Practices for Acidic Soil.
Management Practices for Acid-Sulfate Soil.
Management Practice for Saline Soil.
Management Practices for Sodic Soil.
Management Practices for Saline-Sodic Soil.
Soil Electrical Conductivity.
Effect of Flooding in Soil pH.
Succession of Electron Acceptors.
Four. Soil pH and Nutrient availability.
Five. Cation Exchange Capacity.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL.
Classification of Soil Organisms based on Metabolism.
Roles of Soil Organic Matter.
One. Mesophilic stage (ten to forty-two degrees Celsius).
Two. Thermophilic stage (sixty-five to fifty degrees Celsius).
Three. Cooling stage (forty to forty-five degrees Celsius).
Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation.
Two. Nitrification - two-step process by which ammonia or ammonium is converted to nitrate.
Soil Fertility and Management.
Criteria for Essentiality:
One. Mass Flow - movement of nutrients to the roots through water.
Immobile elements - cannot move within the plant, so deficiencies usually appear in younger leaves first.
Symptoms Beginning in Older Leaves (Mobile)
Symptoms Beginning in New Leaves (Immobile)
USDA Soil Taxonomy - a classification system developed by the United States Department of
Levels of Classification: