Anatomy and Physiology of Eye
Etiological classification
Clinical varieties of myopia
Two. Surgical treatment of myopia:
Three. Low vision aids (LVA) are indicated in patients with progressive myopia having advanced
Two) Define ametropia. Discuss Hypermetropia - types, clinical features, complications and management.
One. Astigmatic keratotomy.
Four. Causes of premature presbyopia are:
One. Diameters of the contact lens:
Two. Curves of the lens are as follows:
Three. Edge of the lens-It is the polished and blended union of the peripheral posterior and anterior curves of the lens.
Five. Tint-It is the colour of the lens.
Indications of contact lens use.
Three. Preventive indications:
Contraindications for contact lens
Four. Advantage of Intraocular lenses in treatment of Aphakia.
Disadvantages of spectacles
Signs of pseudophakia (with posterior chamber IOL).
Management of pseudophakia:
Clinical features - described in two phases:
Phase of cicatricial trachoma
Complications: Corneal ulcer
Three. Describe the aetiology, symptoms, signs and treatment of allergic conjunctivitis
Types of Allergic Conjunctivitis:
PHLYCTENULAR KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS - also known as microbial allergic conjunctivitis - It is a characteristic nodular
Etiology: It is a delayed hypersensitivity (Type four-cell mediated) response to endogenous microbial proteins.
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis
Differential diagnosis: episcleritis, scleritis, and conjunctival foreign body granuloma.
Two) Sub-conjunctival Haemorrhage
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Three) Angular Conjunctivitis
Four) Follicular Conjunctivitis
Follicular conjunctivitis
Two. Retinoblastoma - aetiology, pathology, C/F and management.
Retinoblastoma is a common congenital malignant tumour of the retina occurring in early childhood.
Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma
Exudative RD can be differentiated from Rhegmatogenous RD by:
Some Atypical forms of retinitis pigmentosa
Differential Diagnosis - Congenital syphilis and Night blindness
Prophylaxis: Genetic counselling is advised. There should be no consanguineous marriages.
Three. Hypertensive Retinopathy.
b. Toxaemia of pregnancy retinopathy.
Hypertensive retinopathy.
Causes of Superficial Punctate Keratitis
2. Describe aetiology, clinical features, Rx & complications of Bacterial Corneal Ulcer [14, 13, 10] a. Nebula [14]
Corneal epithelial damage: It may occur in the following conditions:
Sources of infection include:
Pathogenesis of corneal ulcer: Pathological changes can be described
Complications of Corneal Ulcer
Two. Treatment of non-healing corneal ulcer:
Three) Indications of Keratoplasty
Indications of Keratoplasty
Complications of Keratoplasty
Associations of Keratoconus:
Seven. Exposure keratitis
Signs of exposure keratopathy are:
Two. Treatment of the corneal ulcer once developed.
Eight. Neuroparalytic keratitis
a. Clinical features and treatment of Episcleritis
a. Seclusio Pupillae; Festooned pupil
Etiology - proposed by Duke Elder
Types of infectious uveitis:
Seven. Changes in the lens
Eight. Changes in the vitreous and retina
Radiological investigations:
Plus Causative organisms.
Plus Non-infective (sterile) endophthalmitis - Results from toxins released in following situations:
Clinical feature of bacterial endophthalmitis - Onset may be acute or delayed
Complications: Orbital cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and Meningitis or encephalitis.
B. Polar Cataracts - involve the poles of the lens.
C. Congenital Nuclear cataracts
c) Sutural and axial cataracts:
One) Clinico-investigative work up:
Two) Senile Cortical Cataract - C/F and management
Mechanism of loss of transparency of Lens:
One) Aetiology and clinical features of complicated cataract
O Treatment of traumatic cataract: (Refer second LQ)
a. Types of Intraocular lenses
Pathomechanisms of increased Intraocular Pressure: three mechanisms.
Classification: based on natural history, Intraocular Pressure, gonioscopy, disc and visual field evaluation:
PACG, Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma.
· Management of absolute glaucoma
· Complications of absolute glaucoma, due to prolonged high Intraocular Pressure:
Four. Visual field defects, in sequence.
Plus Causes: Phacomorphic glaucoma is an acute secondary angle-closure glaucoma caused by:
It is defined as Congenital Glaucoma occurring prior to age of three years.
Classification and Etiopathogenesis based on its ophthalmoscopic appearance:
Disorders of Ocular Motility
Clinical course and complications
One. Congenital entropion
Four. Mechanical entropion
Seven. Hordeolum Internum
SEBORRHOEIC or SQUAMOUS BLEPHARITIS:
Posterior Blepharitis (Meibomitis): inflammation of Meibomian glands occurs in chronic and acute forms.
Etiology: It results from healing of the kissing raw surfaces upon the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva.
Four) List the swellings in the lid. Answer.
Diseases of Lacrimal Apparatus
Etiology: It occurs due to a vicious cycle of stasis and mild infection of long duration.
Factors responsible for stasis of tears in lacrimal sac
One. Stage of chronic catarrhal dacryocystitis: Mild inflammation of lacrimal sac -> block NLD.
Two. Stage of lacrimal mucocele. It follows chronic stagnation causing distension of lacrimal sac.
Two. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Etiology: It occurs due to the extension of thrombosis from various sources which communicate with the cavernous sinus.
The condition is characterized by general and ocular features.
One. Causes of Enophthalmos.
LESIONS OF CLOSED-GLOBE INJURY.
Two. Sclera: Partial thickness scleral wounds (lamellar scleral lacerations) may occur.
Four. Iris, pupil and ciliary body.
Seven. Choroid - rupture, hemorrhage and detachment.
Three) Blow out fracture.
Etiology - Trauma to the orbit by tennis ball, cricket ball, human fist or part of an automobile.
Indications of surgical intervention include:
Sympathetic ophthalmitis.
In Exciting (injured) eye
In Sympathizing (sound) eye
Fully-developed stage - typical signs and symptoms of acute plastic iridocyclitis are seen
Available preparations and dosage are:
Five) Uses of steroids in Ophthalmology
Indications: These are used for wet retinoscopy
Lasers and Cryotherapy in Ophthalmology
One) Uses of cryo in ophthalmology: Answer.
a. Vitamin A deficiency: b. Bitot Spot
Two. Vitamin A therapy: The WHO recommended schedule is as given below:
Causes of Night Blindness
Three) Common causes of Blindness in India
Three. Preventable blindness
National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCB and VI) in India:
Community ophthalmology practice at primary level.
Facts about eye donation.
REHABILITATION OF THE BLIND: A blind person needs the following types of rehabilitation:
Clinical Methods in Ophthalmology.
Four) Ciliary Vessels. Answer.