Cardiac Cycle & Physiology: Understanding Cardiac Function

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CARDIAC CYCLE & PHYSIOLOGY

Diastole (Relaxation Phase):

Ang period ng ventricular filling kung saan ang apat na chambers ay nagrerelax simultaneously.

Systole (Contraction Phase):

Ang refers sa mga event sa puso tuwing nagko-contract ang chambers.

Note: Hindi sabay ang atrial at ventricular systole! Unang nangyayari ang Atrial Systole (sa huling bahagi ng diastole), at susundan ng Ventricular Systole para ma-eject o maipush ang dugo.

Note: Ang Left Ventricle ay twice to three times MORE muscular kaysa Right Ventricle! kase kailangan ng LV na labanan ang high-pressure system sa Aorta at systemic arteries, ang RV naman ay nagko-contract lang against sa low-pressure system ng pulmonary arteries at capillaries.

STEP-BY- STEP BLOOD FLOW PROCESS

One. DEOXYGENATED BLOOD (Right Side / Blue Blood)

Two. OXYGENATION PROCESS

Eight. Lungs:

Three. OXYGENATED BLOOD (Left Side / Red Blood)

CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

CARDIAC CONDUCTION PATHWAY

Step-by-Step Flow:

Two. Atrioventricular (AV) Node (Secondary Pacemaker)

Three. Bundle of His

Four. Purkinje Fibers

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL (Five Phases)

Phases

REFRACTORY PERIOD

CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

Baroreceptors (Blood Pressure Control)

COMMON ASSESSMENT FINDINGS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Two. Cold Skin and Diaphoresis

Three. Pain and Pallor of the Fingertips or Toes

Four. Central vs. Peripheral Cyanosis

Five. Edema

Six. Rubor

Seven. Feet and Ankle Ulcers

Eight. Xanthelasma

Nine. Dyspnea and Orthopnea

Ten. Jugular Venous Distention

Eleven. Heart Murmurs and Extra Heart Sounds

Twelve. Changes in Vital Signs

PRECORDIAL LANDMARKS

Normal Heart Sounds Baseline:

Abnormal Heart Sound:

Grading System of Murmur Intensity: Use Diaphragm and Bell of Stethoscope

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

a. Cardiac Biomarker Analysis

b. Lipid Profile

c. Brain (B-Type) Natriuretic Peptide

C-Reactive Protein

Homocysteine

Two. Chest X-Ray:

Three. Fluoroscopy:

Four. Electrocardiogra

Chest (Precordial) Leads:

Nursing Interventions for Cardiac Monitoring

Five. Cardiac Stress Testing

Main types

Two. Pharmacologic stress test

a. Exercise Stress Test

Abnormal findings

Nursing interventions

b. Pharmacological Stress Test

Nursing interventions

Six. Radionuclide Imaging / Nuclear Cardiology Imaging

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Two major techniques

Perfusion Defects

Two. Reversible defect

a. SPECT

Nursing Interventions

b. PET

Nursing Interventions

Seven. Coronary CT Angiography (Coronary CTA)

Nursing Interventions:

Eight. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

Nursing Intervention:

Nine. Echocardiography

a. TEE - Transesophageal Echocardiography

Nursing Interventions:

b. TTE - Transthoracic Echocardiography

Nursing Interventions:

Ten. Cardiac Catheterization

Pre-procedure

Types

Nursing Interventions:

Ten. Maintain bed rest for two to six hours and immobilize the access site.

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Vasovagal Response - Management

Eleven. Electrophysiologic Studies

Indications

Procedure

Nursing Interventions

Twelve. Hemodynamic Monitoring

a. Central Venous Pressure

b. Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring

c. Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring

Nursing Interventions:

ARRHYTHMIAS & CONDUCTION PROBLEMS

Two. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Waves, Complexes, and Intervals

a. P Wave

b. PR Interval

c. QRS Complex

d. ST Segment

e. T Wave

f. QT Interval

Three. Determining Heart Rate from ECG

b. Irregular Rhythm

Four. Determining Heart Rhythm from ECG

P-P Interval

SINUS BRADYCARDIA

ECG Characteristics

"Slow Pulse - Low Perfusion"

Management

Three. If atropine is ineffective

SINUS TACHYCARDIA

ECG Pattern

Management

Two. Vagal maneuvers

Three. Adenosine

Five. Cardioversion

SINUS ARRHYTHMIA

Classic pattern:

Characteristics

ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS

Examples:

a. PREMATURE ATRIAL COMPLEXES (PACs)

· Causes:

· Characteristics:

· Management:

b. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AFib)

· Classification:

· Causes:

· Characteristics: ○ Atrial rate: three hundred to six hundred beats per minute

. Medical Management (AFib)

Three. Electrical cardioversion

Four. Catheter Ablation Therapy

Five. Maze Procedure

Six. Convergent Procedure

c. ATRIAL FLUTTER

· Management:

VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS

a. PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS (PVCs)

. Management

Two. Beta-blockers

b. VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (VT)

· Management

Two. Antiarrhythmics

Three. Defibrillation

Four. Cardioversion

Five. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

Six. Magnesium Sulfate

c. VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (VF)

· ECG

· No audible heartbeat

· Management

Three. Amiodarone

d. VENTRICULAR ASYSTOLE

Management

CONDUCTION ABNORMALITIES / ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) BLOCKS

a. FIRST-DEGREE AV BLOCK

ECG Characteristics

b. SECOND-DEGREE AV BLOCK

ECG Characteristics

TYPE TWO - Mobitz TWO

ECG Characteristics

THIRD-DEGREE AV BLOCK

ADJUNCT MODALITIES AND MANAGEMENT

a. Cardioversion

b. Defibrillation

AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

Safety steps

Two. PACEMAKER

Indications:

Components:

Nursing Interventions

Three. IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR (ICD)

Indications for ICD:

MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CORONARY VASCULAR DISORDER

Atherosclerosis - Major Cause of CAD

Risk Factors

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations of CAD

Two. Lipids plus inflammatory cells enter

Clinical Manifestations

Normal Lipid Profile

Management of CAD

Two. Angina Pectoris

Types of Angina

Clinical Manifestations:

Precipitating Factors

Diagnostic Tests

Management of Angina

Three. ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS)

- Pathophysiology

- Diagnostic Tests

- Electrocardiogram Findings:

- Management

- Nursing Interventions:

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG)

- Indications:

- Graft Vessels Used

- Traditional CABG Procedure

Nursing Interventions

Two. POSTOPERATIVE CARE

A. Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

· Assessment and Diagnostic Tests

· Medical Management

· Nursing Management

B. Mitral Regurgitation (MR)

· Etiology / Risk Factors

· Pathophysiology:

· Assessment and Diagnostic Tests

· Medical Management

C. Mitral Stenosis (MS)

Pathophysiology:

Assessment and Diagnostic Tests:

Prevention

Medical Management

Aortic Regurgitation

Etiology / Risk Factors

Pathophysiology:

Assessment and Diagnostic Tests

Medical Management

Aortic Stenosis

Causes/Risk Factors:

Pathophysiology:

Clinical Manifestations:

Diagnostic Tests:

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF HEART VALVE DISORDERS

Nursing Management

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE HEART

Etiology / Risk Factors:

Clinical Manifestations:

b. Infective Endocarditis

Risk Factors

Diagnostic Tests

Pathophysiology:

Characteristic Manifestations

Prevention

Medical Management

Nursing Management

c. Myocarditis

Etiology:

Pathophysiology

Diagnostic Tests and Findings

Clinical Manifestations

Medical Management

Nursing Management

d. Pericarditis

Risk Factors

Pathophysiology

Diagnostic Tests:

Medical Management

Nursing Management

COMPLICATIONS FROM HEART DISEASE

. Types of Heart Failure:

· Pathophysiology:

. Clinical Manifestations

Important Terms

Diagnostic Tests

Medical Management

Pharmacologic Therapy

Nursing consideration: Check for hypotension, kidney function, at potassium level.

Nutritional Therapy

Procedural and Surgical Interventions

Nursing Management

Thromboembolism

Pathophysiology:

Clinical Manifestations:

Diagnostic Tests:

Medical Management:

Nursing Management:

c. Pericardial Effusion

Effects of Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade

Pathophysiology:

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnostic Tests

Medical Management

d. Cardiac Arrest

Emergency Management

Medications used in CPR:

VASCULAR AND PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION DISORDER

Types of Atherosclerotic Lesions

Risk Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Medical Management

Surgical Management

Nursing Management

B. Peripheral Artery Disease

· Clinical Manifestations:

· Pathophysiology

· Diagnostic Tests:

· Medical Management:

· Nursing Management:

C. Aneurysm

· Risk Factors:

· Clinical Manifestations:

· Signs of Rupture (EMERGENCY):

· Pathophysiology (AAA)

· Diagnostic Tests:

· Medical Management:

· Nursing Management:

D. Raynaud's Disease/Phenomenon

· Types of Raynaud's:

Triggers:

Clinical Manifestations:

Pathophysiology

Medical Management:

Nursing Management:

E. Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

Virchow's Triad (three causes of clot formation):

Pathophysiology (DVT)

Clinical Manifestations:

Diagnostic Tests:

Medical Management (DVT):

Nursing Management (DVT):

Warfarin Patient Teaching:

F. Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnostic Tests

Medical Management

Nursing Management

G. Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

Pathophysiology (CVI)

Clinical Manifestations

Management (CVI)

H. Varicose Veins (Varicosities)

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnostic Tests

Prevention

Medical Management

Nursing Management

I. Lymphedema

Pathophysiology

Medical Management

J. Cellulitis

Clinical Manifestations

Medical Management

Nursing Management

Hypertension (HTN)

Risk Factors

Classifications

Assessment at Diagnostic Tests

Pathophysiology of Hypertension

Medical Management

Second-line antihypertensives

Nursing Management

Hypertensive Crisis

Overview

The document explores the cardiac cycle and the physiological processes of the heart, detailing the phases of diastole and systole, as well as the electrical conduction system that coordinates heartbeats. It serves as an educational resource for understanding heart function and blood circulation.

Key Points

1The cardiac cycle consists of diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction) phases
2Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway, involving various valves and chambers
3The cardiac conduction system initiates electrical impulses that control heart contractions
4Key physiological parameters such as cardiac output and stroke volume are explained
5Common assessment findings in cardiovascular disease are discussed, along with associated conditions.

Details

Category: Health and Medicine

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