Communicable Diseases

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COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

· In perfect balance there will be NO ISSUES

· If microorganisms are in WRONG place and TOO MANY it will cause problems

· Resistance and immunity DECREASES it will to INFECTION ecological model shows the imbalances

· Infectious disease: cause by a pathogen

· Communicable disease: transferred from one person to another

Contagious disease: HIGHLY communicable

Carrier: person who carries the pathogen but asymptomatic

Contact: close association with infected person

Sporadic: occasionally and irregular pattern (Measles, botulism, tetanus, dengue)

Endemic: constantly present in a population, country or community

Epidemic: sudden rise, short-period of time of increase number (dengue, measles, zika, ebola, cholera)

Pandemic: Worldwide

Acute diseases: develops rapidly, lasts a short time (measles, mumps, influenza)

Chronic diseases: blood-borne, slowly and last longer (Tb, leprosy)

Subacute: fast onset, takes a while (bacterial endocarditis)

Latent diseases: causative agent remain inactive. Becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease (chickenpox to shingles to very painful)

· Chickenpox to dormant along the nerves to herpes zoster to VERY painful

Local infection: small area of a body (one area)

Generalized (systemic) infection: whole body (lymphatic and blood) (measles)

Focal infection: Local infection that spread but is CONFINED to specific areas of the body

Primary infection: acute infection that causes initial illness

Secondary infection: opportunistic pathogens, when immunity is weakened

Subclinical (inapparent infection): does not cause any noticeable illness (low velorence pathogen or high immunity)

STAGES OF DISEASE

Incubation: initial spread (can be communicable on some Measles)

Prodromal: early, mild appearance of symptoms

Period of illness: manifest usually symptoms of the disease, WBC increase or decrease

Period of decline: symptoms goes down, can still be communicable (chickenpox)

· Only prodromal or incubation only if infection is mediated by IMMUNE SYSTEM

Incidence: NUMBER of cases divided by total number of immune population

Prevalence: TOTAL number of all cases (OLD and NEW)

INFECTION process:

CHAIN of Infection:

HAND WASHING, BEST WAY TO BREAK THE CHAIN

Passive immunization:

Two things that damage vaccine:

CONTRAINDICATION TO VACCINE

INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES

Transmission-based precautions:

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT ORGANISMS

HEALTH EDUCATION for PREVENTION

Protecting immunocompromised host:

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLASSIFICATIONS:

Lab Test:

IMMEDIATE HOSPITALIZATION

PURELY SYMPTOMATIC management:

SEVERE CASES:

PREVENTIVE control: four-S against DENGUE

CLEAN Technique:

MALARIA

FILARIASIS, ELEPHANTIASIS LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

LAB test: Filariasis blood smear (ten PM to two AM)

LEPTOSPIROSIS

Enteric diseases:

Incubation: one to two weeks

ROSE SPOTS

SCHISTOSOMIASIS/ SMALL FEVER/ BILHARZIASIS/ KATAYAMA

Incubation: two months

Assessment:

Migratory phase: systemic reactions

Lab Test:

Preventive:

VIRAL HEPATITIS

Diagnostics: surface antigens (Hepa A and B; checks exposure to virus)

No specific management for Hepatitis

Nursing Management:

Eruptive fever:

Incubation: eight to twelve days

Diagnostics: Nasal/throat swab (RT-PCR), Urinalysis, CBC, leukopenia, leukocytosis

Pre-eruptive two to four days

Diagnostics: NASAL SWAB

GERMAN MEASLES, RUBELA, ROTHELN DISEASES, THREE DAY MEASLES

Incubation period: longer (two to three weeks)

Management: supportive (hydration, fever management)

CHICKEN POX / VARICELLA

Incubation: ten to twenty-one days

Treatment:

Respiratory diseases:

Incubation: one to two days (or faster)

Treatment:

Nursing management:

DIPHTHERIA

Incubation: two to five days

Cutaneous diphtheria

Diagnostic/Lab test:

Treatment:

Pre exposure prophylaxis

PERTUSSIS/WHOOPING COUGH

Incubation: five to twenty-one days

Diagnostics/Lab test: Throat culture with Bordet gengou agar

TUBERCULOSIS

IP: two to ten weeks

Classification:

Clinical M :

Etiologic Factors:

Tuberculin test:

Categories of TB:

Drug components:

One. Shorter Treatment for Drug-Susceptible TB in adults

Primary Anti-TB drugs:

NURSING MANAGEMENT:

MUMPS (EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS), INFECTIOUS PAROTITIS

Incubation: fourteen to twenty-five days, usually eighteen days

DO supportive management:

Diagnostics: ELISA

MENINGITIS (CEREBRAL FEVER)

Incubation: varies from one to ten days

Manifestations: Headache, irritability, fever, neck stiffness, kernig's and brudzinki's sign

Blood culture, urine culture

POLIOMYLEITIS/INFANTILE PARALYSIS/HEINE MEDIN DISEASES

ISOLATION

TETANUS/LOCKJAW/TRISMUS

RABIES

Four stages:

Three Classes:

Mx: POST-exposure.

Exposure.

PRE-exposure.

Diarrheal diseases:

Treatment:

Nursing Mx:

BACILLARY DYSENTERY SHIGELLOSIS

Manifestations:

AMOEBIASIS (AMOEBIC DYSENTERY)

Treatment: metronidazole.

SALMONELLA INFECTION (SALMONELLOSIS)

Manifestations:

Treatment:

RED TIDE POISONING/PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING

Manifestation: Paralysis and Numbness, Nausea, vomiting, headache, respiratory arrest, difficulty speaking

BOTULISM/FOOD POISONING

CANNED GOODS

INTESTINAL PARASITISM:

HIGH RISK: highly urbanized areas, poor sanitation, poor hygiene, children,

A. Helminths

ISOLATION and standard precaution

Roundworms (ASCARIASIS)

Treatment:

SKIN diseases:

TYPES:

Multidrug therapy

SCABIES

Manifestations: Itching worse at night and after hot shower

EMERGING diseases:

COVID-nineteen -

Overview

The document covers essential concepts related to communicable diseases, including definitions, classifications, infection stages, and control measures. It emphasizes public health strategies for prevention and the significance of immunization in managing infectious diseases.

Key Points

1Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from person to person
2Disease classification includes sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic categories
3Key infection control measures include hand hygiene and isolation precautions
4Vaccination plays a critical role in preventing communicable diseases
5Antibiotic-resistant organisms pose significant public health challenges

Details

Category: Health and Medicine

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