Companion Book For The Pathology Prof Buster Course On medLIVE By Dr. Priyanka Companion Book For The Pathology Prof Buster Course On medLIVE By Dr. Priyanka
(ONE point zero one) Cellular adaptations
(ONE point zero three) Morphological changes - Reversible versus irreversible cell injury
(ONE point zero five) Necrosis
(ONE point zero seven) Gangrene
(ONE point zero nine) Pigments
Chapter TWO | Inflammation
(TWO point zero two) Cellular events of Acute inflammation
(TWO point zero four) Chemical mediators of Inflammation
(THREE point zero one) Wound healing (Regeneration and Repair)
(THREE point zero three) Factors affecting wound healing and Complications of Wound Healing
(FOUR point zero one) Edema and Effusion
(FOUR point zero three) Thrombosis
(FOUR point zero five) Ischemia
(FOUR point zero seven) Shock
(FIVE point zero one) Genetic inheritance of Single gene disorders (AD, AR, XD, XR) (FIVE point zero two) Cytogenetic Abnormalities
(SIX point zero one) Hypersensitivity reactions
(SIX point zero three) Autoimmunity
(SIX point zero five) HIV / AIDS
Chapter SEVEN | Neoplasia
(SEVEN point zero two) Teratoma, Hamartoma and Choristoma
(SEVEN point zero five) Proto-oncogenes - RAS, ABL- BCR
(SEVEN point zero seven) Carcinogenesis (PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, Biological)
(SEVEN point zero nine) Grading and staging of cancers
Chapter EIGHT | Environmental and Nutritional Disorders (EIGHT point zero one) Obesity
(TEN point zero one) Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
(TEN point zero three) RBC indices and ESR
(TEN point zero five) Hemolytic anemias > Definition, classification, lab diagnosis
(TEN point zero seven) G six PD deficiency Anemia
(TEN point zero nine) Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)
(TEN point eleven) Thalassemia
(TEN point thirteen) Sideroblastic Anemia
(TEN point fifteen) Megaloblastic Anemia
(TEN point seventeen) Aplastic Anemia and Pure Red cell Aplasia (PRCA)
Chapter ELEVEN | WBC Disorders
(ELEVEN point zero two) Leukemoid Reaction
(ELEVEN point zero four) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
(ELEVEN point zero six) Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
(ELEVEN point zero eight) Polycythemia Vera
(ELEVEN point ten) Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL)
(ELEVEN point twelve) Plasma cell disorders > Multiple Myeloma
(TWELVE point zero one) Bleeding disorders (Definition and Classification)
(TWELVE point zero three) Functional platelet disorders (Bernard Soulier syndrome, Glanzmann's syndrome)
(TWELVE point zero four) Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
(THIRTEEN point zero one) Atherosclerosis
(THIRTEEN point zero three) Hypertensive Vascular Disease
(THIRTEEN point zero five) Raynaud's phenomenon
(FOURTEEN point zero two) Ischemic heart diseases / coronary artery disease
(FOURTEEN point zero four) Infective Endocarditis
(FOURTEEN point zero six) Cardiomyopathies
(FOURTEEN point zero eight) Cor Pulmonale
(FIFTEEN point zero one) Normal anatomy and histology
(FIFTEEN point zero three) COPD - Chronic Bronchitis
(FIFTEEN point zero five) COPD - Asthma
(FIFTEEN point zero seven) Pneumoconiosis > Asbestosis, Silicosis, Bagassosis
(FIFTEEN point zero nine) Pulmonary Tuberculosis
(FIFTEEN point eleven) Lung carcinoma
(SIXTEEN point zero one) Barret esophagus (SIXTEEN point zero two) Achalasia (Cardiospasm)
(SIXTEEN point zero three) Esophageal lacerations
(SIXTEEN point zero five) Esophageal tumours
(SIXTEEN point zero seven) Gastritis
(SIXTEEN point zero nine) Gastric carcinoma
Infectious Enterocolitis (Typhoid, TB, Amoebic ulcer)
Chapter Seventeen | Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic System
Neonatal Jaundice / Congenital hyperbilirubinemia
Cirrhosis (DEFINITION, PATHOGENESIS, CLASSIFICATION)
Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver Disease (NAFLD)
Malignant tumours of Liver
Chapter Eighteen | Urinary System
Nephritic versus Nephrotic syndrome
Primary Glomerulonephritis (APGN, RPGN, MCD, MGN, MPGN, FSGN, FSGS, IgA nephropathy, Chronic GN)
Renal changes in Hypertension (Nephrosclerosis)
Chapter Nineteen | Male Genital System
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate carcinoma
B. Pathologic hypertrophy
A. Squamous metaplasia Examples
B. Columnar metaplasia Examples
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
One point zero three. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES - REVERSIBLE VERSUS IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY
One point zero four. APOPTOSIS AND EFFEROCYTOSIS
Morphological changes in apoptosis
Differences between Apoptosis and necrosis
Two. Liquefactive necrosis
Necrotosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis.
Differences from apoptosis.
Differences from apoptosis.
Differences between dry and wet gangrenes.
Pathological Calcification.
Two. Metastatic calcification.
Dystrophic calcification.
Metastatic calcification.
Difference between Dystrophic and metastatic calcification.
Haemosiderin. Light microscopy.
Morphological changes during ageing.
Two point zero one. VASCULAR EVENTS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Altered Vascular Permeability mechanisms
Two point zero two. CELLULAR EVENTS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Two point zero three. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OR GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
Three. Release of Cytokines
Two. Langhans' giant cells.
Four. Giant cells in tumors.
Granuloma with central neutrophilic infiltrates.
Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation
Two point zero four. CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
Two. Cell-derived mediator of Inflammation.
Four. Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in acute inflammation.
Cellular Inflammatory mediators.
Three. Lysosomal Enzymes.
Cellular Inflammatory mediators.
b) Platelet-activating factor.
Most potent inflammatory mediators.
d) Arachidonic acid metabolites.
Arachidonic acid Metabolite
Nonenzymatic free-radical peroxidation
Plasma Inflammatory mediators
Three point zero one. Wound Healing, Regeneration and Repair
Repair greater than three Phases
Three point zero two. Healing of Skin Wounds, Primary and Secondary Intention
One. Primary Intention, primary union
Two. Secondary Intention, Secondary union:
Healing by Primary Intention, primary union
Differences between primary union and Secondary union
Complications of Wound Healing
Factors Affecting Wound Healing
Differences between Hypertrophic scar and Keloid
One) Increased capillary Hydrostatic pressure
Two) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Four. Sodium And Water Retention
Four point zero two. HYPEREMIA AND CONGESTION (CVC LUNG, CVC LIVER, CVC SPLEEN)
Hyperaemia And Congestion
Four point zero three. THROMBOSIS
Arteriolar vasoconstriction
Two. Alterated Blood Flow
Three. Hypercoagulable States, Thrombophilia
INHERITED, PRIMARY FACTORS
ACQUIRED, SECONDARY FACTORS
Four point zero four. EMBOLISM
Effects of arterial emboli
Effect of venous embolism
Four point zero five. ISCHEMIA
Adverse effects of ischaemia > Hypoxia
Factors Determining Severity of Ischaemic Injury
Two. Type of tissue affected.
Three. Rapidity of development.
Four. Degree of vascular occlusion.
One four point zero six Infarction.
One four point zero seven Shock.
Morphological changes in shock.
Five point zero one Genetic Inheritance of Single Gene Disorders, Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, X-Linked Dominant, X-Linked Recessive.
One. Autosomal Dominant, AD, Diseases.
Two. Autosomal Recessive, AR, Diseases.
Three. X-Linked Dominant, XD, Disorders.
Four. X-Linked Recessive, XR, Disorder.
Genetic inheritance of Single gene disorders.
Two. Autosomal Recessive, AR, Diseases.
Four. X-Linked Recessive, XR, Disorder.
One. Autosomal Dominant, AD, Diseases.
(two) Autosomal Recessive (AR) Diseases
(three) X - Linked Dominant (XD) Disorders
(four) X - Linked Recessive (XR) Disorder
(five point zero two) CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES
• Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes Involving →
One. Klinefelter Syndrome
Cytogenetic disorders involving Autosomes
Cytogenetic Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes
(one) Klinefelter Syndrome
(six point zero one) HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
One. Type One (Allergy) r Immediate, Humoral immunity
One) Type One (Allergy) Reaction
Two) Type Two (Cytotoxic) Reaction
(six point zero two) TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Classification Of Transplants
Six point zero three Autoimmunity
• Mechanisms of Autoimmunity >
· Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
Six point zero four Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (S L E)
Immunofluorescence Patterns
Immunofluorescence Patterns
Type Two hypersensitivity reaction:
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Lupus erythematosus cell Phenomenon
Clinical and pathologic manifestations
Class One: Minimal lesions.
Class One: Minimal lesions.
Class Two: Mesangial lupus nephritis.
Class Three: Focal segmental lupus nephritis.
Criteria for diagnosis of SLE
Geographical distribution
Percutaneous transmission
One. Acute HIV Disease or Acute Retroviral Syndrome
Two. Asymptomatic Stage (Clinical Latency)
Three. Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy (PGL)
Four. Symptomatic HIV Infection (AIDS-related Complex)
AIDS is characterized by:
Opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection and correlation with CD four T cell counts.
Bacterial opportunistic infections:
Fungal opportunistic infections:
Moderately high-risk group:
Kinetics Of Immune Response
Three Cs while performing the test for HIV
Specific Tests for HIV Infection:
Non-specific Immunological Methods
Detection of p twenty-four Core Antigen
Uses of p twenty-four antigen detection test:
NACO Strategy for HIV Diagnosis
I, six point zero six, AMYLOIDOSIS
Introduction Pathogenesis
Staining Characteristics of Amyloid
Seven point zero one. NEOPLASIA (DEFINITION, NOMENCLATURE AND PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS) University Exams
DR. PRIYANKA SACHDEV Neoplasm
Nomenclature Precancerous lesions One. Genetic Predisposition
b) Defective DNA-repair syndromes
Seven point zero two. TERATOMA, HAMARTOMA AND CHORISTOMA University Exams
Not actual tumors (neoplasms) Hamartoma
Seven point zero three. BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT TUMOURS University Exams Long questions
Gross Features Microscopic Features Differentiation
Two. Microscopic Features
Three. Growth Rate . Four. Local Invasion
Mechanism of Metastasis Eight Steps
Three) Transcoelomic spread
Seven point zero five. PROTO-ONCOGENES - RAS, ABL-BCL
Genetic regulators of cancer
Seven point zero six. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES - RB, P Fifty-three
Seven point zero seven. CARCINOGENESIS (PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL)
a) Physical Carcinogenesis
b) Chemical Carcinogenesis
Two) Promotion of Carcinogenesis
Three) Progression of Carcinogenesis
Seven point zero eight. Clinical Features (Tumour Lysis Syndrome and Paraneoplastic Syndromes) -
Three) Tumour Lysis Syndrome
Hyperkalemia: High Potassium Levels in the Blood
Seven point zero nine. Grading and Staging of Cancers
Two important staging systems currently followed are:
Seven point ten. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer (Tumour Markers)
Three) Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
Four) Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Five) Electron Microscopy
Eight point zero one, OBESITY
Parameters for assessment of obesity
Nine point zero one, CANCERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Common Cancers of infancy and childhood
Knudson's two hit hypothesis
Heritable vs Nonheritable Retinoblastoma
Ten point zero one. BONE MARROW ASPIRATION AND BIOPSY
· Absolute Contraindications
Ten point zero two. RETICULOCYTES
Reticulocytosis versus Reticulocytopenia
· Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) >
Diseases with abnormal ESR
· Classification of Anaemias
Abnormal shapes of Red Blood Cell
One. Morphological Classification
One. Morphologic Classification
Two. Pathophysiological, Etiological Classification.
Ten point zero five. Hemolytic Anemias. Definition, Classification, Lab Diagnosis.
One. Intravascular hemolysis.
Two. Extravascular hemolysis.
Extravascular versus Intravascular Hemolysis.
Ten point zero six. Hereditary Spherocytosis.
Ten point zero seven. G SIX PD DEFICIENCY ANEMIA.
Ten point zero eight. PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMATURIA (PNH).
Ten point zero nine. AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (AIHA).
a) Cold agglutinin disease.
b) Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.
Consequences of Sickling.
Factors determining rate of sickling.
Ten point twelve) IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Regulation of iron absorption
Factors of Iron absorption
Two) Epithelial tissue changes
SERUM IRON BOUND TO TRANSFERRIN
Ten point thirteen) SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA
Types of Sideroblastic Anaemias
Ten point fourteen) ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE
Two) Bone marrow findings
Three) Biochemical Findings
Ten point fifteen) MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Special Tests for for vitamin B twelve deficiency Schilling test.
Ten point sixteen) PERNECIOUS ANAEMIA.
Ten point seventeen. Aplastic Anemia and Pure Red Cell Aplasia
Three. Chronic B nineteen parvovirus infections
Eleven point one. Interpretation of DLC
Eleven point zero two. LEUKEMOID REACTION
One. Myeloid Leukemoid Reaction.
Two. Lymphoid Leukemoid Reaction.
Eleven point zero three. LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS (DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION)
Myeloblast Versus Lymphoblast.
World Health Organization Classification of Lymphoma.
Eight. Acute basophilic leukemia.
Eleven point zero four. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)
Phases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Two. Bone Marrow Examination.
Two. Imatinib oral therapy
Three. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation
Eleven point zero five Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Four. FAB Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Two) Bone Marrow Examination
One. Treatment of Anemia and Hemorrhage
Two. Cytotoxic Drug Therapy
Three. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation
Eleven point zero six Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Two. French-American-British (FAB) classification of ALL
Two. Due to organ infiltration by leukemic cells
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Two) Bone Marrow Examination
One. Treatment of Anemia and Hemorrhage
Three. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation
Eleven point zero seven Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Two. Granulocytic lineage
Three. Megakaryocyte lineage
Based on Immunophenotyping of RS cells.
Stage Three -> Involvement of both sides of diaphragm.
Differences between Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-hodgkin's lymphoma.
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).
Age and clinical features.
Two. Sporadic (nonendemic) BL.
Three. HIV associated aggressive lymphomas.
Plasma cell disorders, multiple myeloma
a) Osseous, bone marrow, lesions
Two. Myeloma kidney or myeloma nephrosis
Three. Myeloma neuropathy
Five. Systemic amyloidosis
Two. Susceptibility to infections
Five. Bleeding tendencies
Six. Hyperviscosity syndrome
Seven. Neurologic symptoms
Eight. Biochemical abnormalities
Nine. POEMS > simultaneous manifestations of
Revised Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Criteria
Related organ or tissue impairment ROTI or CRAB Features
Eleven. Thirteen. SPLEENOMEGALY.
Criteria for hypersplenism.
Twelve. One. BLEEDING DISORDERS (DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION).
Classification of Bleeding disorders.
Twelve. Two. THROMBOCYTOPENIA (ITP, TTP, HUS).
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
One. Typical (epidemic, classical, diarrhea-positive) HUS
One. Typical (epidemic, classical, diarrhea-positive) HUS
(twelve point zero three) FUNCTIONAL PLATELET DISORDERS (BERNARD SOULIER SYNDROME, GLANZMANN'S SNDROME)
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome
(twelve point zero four) COAGULATION DISORDERS- HEMOPHILIA AND VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE
One. Classic hemophilia or hemophilia A → due to inherited deficiency of factor VIII
One) Classic Hemophilia (Hemophilia A)
Functions of factor VIII >
Two) Christmas Disease (Hemophilia B)
Three) Von Willebrand's Disease
Hess Capillary Resistance Test (Tourniquet Test)
(twelve point zero five) DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
Stages of development of atheromatous plaque.
Atherosclerotic Aneurysms.
Vascular Pathology in Hypertension.
Blood Pressure Regulation
Vascular Pathology in Hypertension
Introduction, Arteries, Morphology, Symptoms.
Six. Microscopic polyangiitis.
Eight. Wegener's granulomatosis.
Three. Classical Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN).
Five. Thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease).
Six. Microscopic polyangitis (microscopic polyarteritis).
Seven. Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Eight. Wegener's granulomatosis.
One (thirteen point zero five) RAYNAUD'S PHENOMENON
Sequence of change in colour
One (thirteen point zero six) TUMOURS OF BLOOD VESSELS
· Epidemiological classification
One) Capillary hemangioma
Two) Cavernous hemangioma
Borderline Tumors -> Kaposi's sarcoma
Epidemiological classification -> Four forms
Left-to-right Shunts (Acyanotic or Late Cyanotic Group)
One) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Two) Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Three) Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Right-to-left Shunts (Cyanotic Group)
One) Tetralogy Of Fallot (TOF)
Two) Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASES / CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Coronary artery distribution
RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Fourteen point zero four Infective Endocarditis
Fourteen point zero five Non-infective Endocarditis (NBTE and Libman-Sacks Endocarditis)
Libman-sacks Endocarditis /
Non-bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE) / Marantic Endocarditis
Two. Intrinsic cardiomyopathies
c) Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Fourteen point zero seven. PERICARDITIS
c) Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis
Fourteen point zero eight. COR PULMONALE
Fifteen point zero one. NORMAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
Fifteen point zero two. ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.
Fifteen point zero three. COPD - CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
One. Persistent cough with copious expectoration of long duration.
Fifteen point zero four. COPD - EMPHYSEMA
Fifteen point zero five. COPD - ASTHMA
Fifteen point zero six. COPD - BRONCHIECTESIS
PNEUMOCONIOSIS -> ASBESTOSIS, SILICOSIS, BAGASSOSIS
Introduction, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical features
Three) Asbestosis and Asbestos Related Diseases
Asbestos Types -> two forms
· Chrysotile > used in industry
Microscopy Asbestos bodies
Introduction, Etiology, Gross, Microscopy
Based on etiology and pathogenesis
Based on clinical settings in which infection occurred
One) Stage of Congestion: Initial Phase Gross >
Red Hepatisation: Early Consolidation
Grey Hepatisation: Late Consolidation
Two) Viral / Interstitial / Primary Atypical Pneumonia
Fifteen.09) PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculous lymphadenitis:
Extrapulmonary specimens vary depending on site involved
One) Direct microscopy by acid-fast staining:
Two) Fluorescence Staining
One. Squamous cell carcinoma
Introduction, Location, Microscopy, Marker
Adenocarcinoma greater than
One) Squamous cell carcinoma
Marker greater than CK seven
Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung carcinoma
Two. Pathogenesis, Gross and microscopy Barrett's esophagus.
· Incidence of malignancy
Sixteen point zero two Achalasia (Cardiospasm)
Two. Define Achalasia. Discuss its Triad, Morphologic features, Investigations and Complications
One. Screening test and diagnostic test of Achalasia
One. Primary achalasia-> Congenital Myenteric plexus damage
Two. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Two. Types of Esophageal lacerations
Two. Morphologic Features of Sliding and Rolling Hiatus Hernia.
Two. Rolling or para-oesophageal hernia
Two. Enumerate morphological types of oesophageal carcinoma.
Four. Describe gross and microscopic appearance of Squamous cell Carcinoma of Oesophagus
One. Squamous cell Carcinoma - Incidence, Age, Gender, Site, Risk factors, Gross, Microscopy
Squamous Cell (Epidermoid) Carcinoma
Overall, most common site
Two. Adult form due to inflammatory fibrosis or invasion by tumors.
Stress-related mucosal disease or Stress gastritis
Two. Describe etiology, gross, microscopy and clinical features of gastric ulcer. List the complications of gastric ulcer.
Two. Enumerate various risk factors and describe pathogenesis of chronic peptic ulcer.
Four. Acid peptic disease.
Six. Differences between Gastric and Duodenal ulcer
Two. List complications of peptic ulcer.
· Differences between Gastric and Duodenal ulcer
Increased Damage, aggressive factors
Three) Malignant transformation
Differences between Gastric and Duodenal ulcer
Sixteen point zero nine) GASTRIC CARCINOMA
• Cancer limited to the mucosa and submucosa
b) Advanced gastric carcinoma (AGC)->
Two) Based on macroscopic growth pattern
Three) Based on Histologic subtype (Lauren classification)
Sixteen point ten) MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM
Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis.
Introduction, Site, Gross, Microscopy, Clinical features, Complications, Mnemonics
Gender. Male to female ratio in
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Infectious Enterocolitis. Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Amoebic Ulcer.
One. Typhoid Fever—Causative agent, MOT, Incubation period, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical features, Complications
Micro-organisms Causing Infective Enterocolitis
Important causes of infective enterocolitis
Sixteen point fourteen. MALABSORPTION SYNDROME (CELIAC SPRUE, TOPICAL SPRUE, WHIPPLE'S DISEASE)
· Introduction, Pathogenesis, Associations,
One. Primary Malabsorption
Two. Secondary Malabsorption
Three. Impaired Transport
Sixteen point fifteen) CARCINOID TUMOURS
Sixteen point sixteen) APPENDICITIS
Sixteen point seventeen) HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE
Sixteen point eighteen) COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
· Genetic Basis of Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Three. Adenoma-carcinoma sequence >
Four. Hereditary non-polyposis colonic cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome) >
Genetic Basis of Colorectal Carcinogenesis APC mutation / ß-catenin mechanism
Left-sided colonic growth >
Seventeen point zero one JAUNDICE
One. Prehepatic jaundice > Haemolytic Jaundice.
· Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia
Normal Bilirubin Metabolism
One. Unconjugated bilirubin > Blood, liver
Two types of classifications.
One) Prehepatic jaundice.
Two. Extrahepatic cholestasis (Extrahepatic biliary obstruction).
Extrahepatic Cholestasis.
One. Define Congenital hyperbilirubinemia. Write its Classification.
Two. Pathogenesis, clinical course and hepatic morphology in Criggler-Najjar Syndrome One and Two.
One. Physiologic and prematurity jaundice.
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia.
(seventeen point zero three) VIRAL HEPATITIS.
Two. Briefly describe etiologic agents of chronic viral hepatitis. Discuss in details morphology of chronic hepatitis.
Four. Discuss Morphology, modes of transmission, Clinical features and Laboratory Diagnosis in Viral Hepatitis A.
One. Serological markers of hepatitis B viral hepatitis and their clinical significance.
Clinicopathologic Spectrum.
Two. HCV Core Antigen Assay
Clinicopathologic Spectrum
One) Acute Hepatitis Microscopy
Two) Chronic Hepatitis Microscopy
CIRRHOSIS (DEFINITION, PATHOGENESIS, CLASSIFICATION)
Two. Define and classify cirrhosis. Describe its Pathogenesis
Two. Etiologic Classification
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS)
One. Alcoholic Steatosis, Fatty Liver
Two. Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Three. Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Seventeen point zero six. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD
Seventeen point zero seven. Wilson disease.
Seventeen point zero eight. Hemochromatosis.
One. Idiopathic or hereditary hemochromatosis.
Regulation of iron absorption.
Seventeen point zero nine. PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Two. Varices (Collateral channels or Porto-systemic shunts).
Four. Hepatic encephalopathy.
Seventeen point ten. CVC LIVER / NUTMEG LIVER
Seventeen point eleven. LIVER ABSCESS (PYOGENIC, AMOEBIC, HYDATID CYST)
· Pyogenic Liver Abscess.
Extraintestinal amoebiasis.
Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis).
Three morphological forms.
Malignant tumours of Liver
Malignant tumors of liver >
Three. Serum des-alpha-carboxy prothrombin
A Distinctive uncommon variant of HCC
One. Cholesterol and mixed gallstones
Eight. Factors in pigment gallstones
Seven - Introduction, Etiopathogenesis, Gross, Microscopy, Clinical features
Two. Chronic Cholecystitis
a. Acute calculous cholecystitis
b. Acute acalculous cholecystitis
Two. Chronic Cholecystitis
Two. Chronic pancreatitis
Two) Chronic Pancreatitis.
Normal kidney. Histology.
Normal kidney. Histology.
Eighteen point zero three. Glomerulonephritis Pathogenesis and Classification.
One. Antibody-Mediated Glomerular Injury.
Two. Cell-mediated Glomerular Injury.
One. Primary Glomerulonephritis.
Pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis.
Two. Cell-mediated Glomerular Injury.
Three. Alternative Complement Pathway.
Location of deposits. Seen on Electron Microscopy.
Classification of Glomerular Injury.
One. Primary Glomerulonephritis.
Two. Secondary Systemic Glomerular Diseases.
Three. Hereditary Nephritis.
Eighteen point zero four. Primary Glomerulonephritis. APGN, RPGN, MCD, MGN, MPGN, FSGN, FSGS, IgA Nephropathy, Chronic GN.
One. Acute Proliferative GN
Immunofluorescence microscopy
Two. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Type One RPGN, anti-GBM disease
Three. Minimal Change Disease
Four. Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Immunofluorescence microscopy
Immunofluorescence microscopy
Eight. Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Eighteen point zero five. Diabetic Nephropathy
Three) Tubular Lesions (Armanni-Ebstein Lesions) >
One (eighteen point zero six) PYELONEPHRITIS
Two) Chronic Pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN)
Eighteen point zero seven) RENAL CALCULUS AND HYDRONEPHROSIS
One. Calcium containing - Introduction, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Morphology
Renal calculus / Nephrolithiasis / urolithiasis
Two) Mixed (Struvite) Stones
Eighteen point zero eight. RENAL CHANGES IN HYPERTENSION. NEPHROSCLEROSIS.
• Renal changes in Hypertension.
One. Benign Nephrosclerosis.
Hypertension Classification.
Renal changes in Hypertension.
Two. Malignant Nephrosclerosis.
Two. Malignant Nephrosclerosis.
Eighteen point zero nine. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE.
Eighteen point ten. TUMOURS OF KIDNEY.
Cytogenetic abnormalities.
Cytogenetic abnormalities
Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Bladder Tumors
Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Bladder Tumors
Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma
Two. Interstitial stroma:
I (nineteen point zero two) TESTICULAR TUMOURS
Testicular Tumours Classification
Germ Cell Tumours > (YESPCT)
Sex Cord-stromal Tumours > (LSG)
Combined Germ Cell-sex Cord-stromal Tumours
Two) Clinical classification
Normal Prostate > Histology
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
One) Pre-Testicular Causes
Three) Post-Testicular Causes
One. Carcinoma In Situ (CIS) System > Mild, Moderate, Severe dysplasia
Two. Environmental Factors
Classification of Cervical Precancers
Three. Bethesda system (presently used) > Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion > L- SIL, H- SIL
Two) Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Classification
Etiology / Predisposing factors
Six. Environmental Factors ->
Twenty. Three. ENDOMETRIOSIS
Twenty. Four. ADENOMYOSIS
Twenty. Five. ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA
Risk of malignant transformation
Twenty. Six. ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
I TUMORS OF MYOMETRIUM -> LEIOMYOMA
Most common uterine tumors of smooth muscle origin
Secondary changes in leiomyomas include:
Tumors of Surface Epithelium
Tumors of Surface Epithelium
(twenty-one zero one) STROMAL BREAST TUMORS (FIBROSDENOMA AND PHYLLODES).
Differences between Fibroadenoma and Phyllodes Tumor
Age > thirty to seventy years (peak sixty years)
Twenty-one point zero two. Breast Carcinoma
Paget's Disease of Nipple > Introduction, Pathogenesis, Gross, Microscopy.
Mutation in P fifty-three.
Ductal Carcinoma in - situ.
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.
Paget's Disease of Nipple
Twenty two point zero one AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS OF THYROID (HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS, GRAVES DISEASE)
Autoimmune disorders of thyroid Introduction
One. Graves' Disease Introduction, Age, Gender, Pathogenesis, Gross, Microscopy, Clinical features
Autoimmune disorders of thyroid Introduction
Two) Hashimoto Thyroiditis (Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis)
Induction of thyroid autoimmunity
Twenty two point zero two GOITER
Six. Gross and Microscopy of Diffuse goiter and Multinodular goiter
Introduction, Gross, Microscopy, Clinical features, Functional status
Two. Multinodular goiter (Adenomatous goiter)
Twenty two point zero three THYROID NEOPLASM
Three. Medullary carcinoma
Two) Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Three) Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Four) Anaplastic Carcinoma
Insulin regulation - Synthesis, release, action
Normal Pancreas - Histology
Genetic syndromes associated with diabetes
Disadvantage of relying on urinary glucose test
Biosynthesis of adrenal steroids
Glucocorticoids, Cortisol functions.
Cushing's syndrome, Glucocorticoid or cortisol excess.
Four. Components of MEN type two
Two. MEN-two A (sipple syndrome) Mutation, Components
Two. MEN-two A (sipple syndrome)
One) MEN-one (Wermer syndrome)
Two) MEN-two A (Sipple syndrome)
Twenty-three point zero one OSTEOMYELITIS (PYOGENIC, TUBERCULAR)
Introduction, Etiology, Routes, Sites, Pathogenesis, Microscopy, Clinical features, Complications
Two. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Classification greater than
One) Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Two. Direct implantation greater than by penetrating wounds, open fractures, or surgical procedures
Morphologic Variants of Osteomyelitis
Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garre greater than
Two) Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Twenty-three point zero two BONE TUMOURS
Classification > Based on Histologic type
Radiological appearance >
Radiological appearance >
Two) Secondary Osteosarcoma
Central / Medullary/ Conventional/ Classical Osteosarcoma
Two. Blood > to lungs (most common), bones, pleura, brain, and heart.
One. Parosteal Osteosarcoma
One) Parosteal or juxtacortical Osteosarcoma
Two) Periosteal Osteosarcoma
Radiological appearance >
Two. Multinucleated (osteoclastic) giant cells
Ewing sarcoma: Translocations
Twenty-three point zero three. GOUT
Secondary gout (ten percent). Hyperuricemia occurs in association with another illness.
Chronic tophaceous arthritis.
Twenty-four point zero one. MENINGITIS.
Etiopathogenesis Clinical features CSF Findings.
Acute Pyogenic bacterial Meningitis.
Chronic Tuberculous and Cryptococcal Meningitis.
Acute Lymphocytic Viral, Aseptic Meningitis.
Twenty-four point zero two. TUMOURS OF CNS.
Metastatic Central Nervous System tumors
Important Primary brain tumors
• Nerve Sheath Tumors (Schwannomas)
Tumors arising from neuroglia
One. Astrocytomas > From astrocytes
World Health Organization Grade Four Astrocytoma (Glioblastoma Multiforme)
Schwannomas (Neurilemmomas)
Twenty-five point zero one Tumors of Salivary Glands
Gross, Microscopy, Clinical features
One. Epithelial parenchyma >
I (twenty-six point zero one) Tumors of Skin
Two. Basal Cell Carcinoma
Gross Microscopy Clinical features Prognosis
Tumors cells arrangement >
Indolent lesion on face of older men
Two. Superficial spreading >
Three. Acral/mucosal lentiginous melanoma->
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) >
Warning signs of melanoma greater than ABCD
Salient features of the Book