Inherent Tissue Contrast in the Body
Intravascular Contrast Agents
Visible difference on CT:
Contrast Administration versus Other
Dose of Iodinated Contrast Agents
Clinical Examples of Total Iodine Delivered
CT Protocol Considerations
Overdose is rare, but possible:
Dose selection should be individualized based on:
Key Concept BOX twelve dash six
Effects of lodinated Contrast
Key Concept BOX twelve dash seven:
Key Concept BOX twelve dash eight:
Adverse Effects of Iodinated Contrast Medium
Key Concept BOX twelve dash nine:
Administration During Pregnancy TABLE twelve dash three Summary
Risk-benefit of procedure
Administration During Lactation TABLE twelve dash four Summary
Two. Idiosyncratic Reactions
Key Concept BOX twelve dash ten.
Delayed reactions have been reported:
Common, Expected Side Effects
Idiosyncratic Reaction Severity
Incidence of Idiosyncratic Reactions
Low-osmolality contrast media.
Prevention of Acute Reactions
Key Concept (BOX twelve dash fourteen):
Documentation of Reactions
Contrast Media-Induced Nephropathy (CIN)
Key Concept (BOX twelve dash fifteen)
Renal Anatomy and Physiology
Estimating Renal Function
Effective Renal Plasma Flow (ERPF)
Renal Insufficiency: abnormal renal function, but sustains essential functions.
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN)
· Risk Stratification (Table twelve dash eight)
Creatinine twelve dash six).
Prevention Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN)
One. Use of Low-Osmolar or Isosmolar Contrast Media
Three. Limit Contrast Volume
Four. Review Nephrotoxic Medications
Six. Dialysis Considerations
Organ-specific risks: thyroid, pulmonary, CNS, pheochromocytoma.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Contrast Medium
Radiation Dosimetry in CT - Basic Dose Concepts
Dose / Effective Dose Equivalent:
Key Concepts - BOX fourteen point one
· Z-Axis Dose Distribution:
Calculating Exposure from Multiple Slices
· MSAD (Multiple Scan Average Dose):
CTDI (Computed Tomography Dose Index):
Adjusting for Dose Variations
· Dose-Length Product (DLP):
BOX fourteen point three Key Concept:
Comparison of Dose: CT versus Conventional Radiography
Image quality and contrast resolution:
Background for perspective:
Factors Affecting Radiation Dose in CT Radiation Beam Geometry.
Patient Size / Body Part Thickness.
Localization (Scout) Scans.
BOX fourteen dash four Key Concept.
Why the Growing Concern About CT Radiation?
CT as a High-Dose Procedure.
BOX fourteen dash five Key Concept.
Impact of Modern MDCT Technology.
Effects of Low-Dose Radiation.
Inappropriate Scanning Parameters in Pediatrics.
BOX fourteen dash six Key Concept:
BOX fourteen dash seven Key Concept.
Lack of Awareness Regarding CT Radiation Dose.
Summary of Main Factors Driving Concern About CT Radiation
Perception of Risk in Pediatric CT
Importance of Perspective:
Factors Influencing Public Perception of Risk
General Principles of Risk
BOX fourteen dash eight Key Concept: Acceptable Risk in CT
Application to Pediatric CT
Special Considerations for Pediatric CT
BOX fourteen dash nine Key Concept:
Two. Higher Effective Dose
Three. Increasing Use of CT in Children
Radiation Dose to the Fetus
BOX fourteen dash ten Key Concept:
Strategies for Reducing Radiation Dose in CT
Two. Automatic Tube Current Modulation
Three. Avoid Increasing kVp
Four. Increase Pitch in Helical CT
Seven. New Reconstruction Methods
Strategies for Pediatric Patients
Three. Technical Parameters
Technologist Responsibility
KEY CONCEPT Box eleven one
When Computerized Physician Order Entry Not Available
KEY CONCEPT Box eleven two
Protocol Selection Methods
Technologist Responsibilities
KEY CONCEPT Box eleven three
KEY CONCEPT Box eleven five
Anticoagulant Medications
PROTOCOL SELECTION PATIENT INPUT
PATIENT EDUCATION INFORMED CONSENT
KEY CONCEPT Box eleven seven
INFORMED CONSENT ELEMENTS
ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING
Box eleven dash eight Key Concept:
Table eleven dash two: Average and normal ranges
Factors affecting palpability:
Box eleven dash nine Key Concept:
SUMMARY: PATIENT PREPARATION
Understanding and Authorization
Intraoperative Surgical Site
Participation of Personnel