Huhu, don’t worry! 🥹 I’ll make you a complete midterm revie

Chapter 1

Huhu, don't worry! I'll make you a complete midterm reviewer for EL one hundred - Introduction to Linguistics, covering Module one, Module two, and Module three: Phonology only, based on the topics and learning outcomes stated in your syllabus. I'll keep the explanations simple, organized, and easy to copy into your notes.

## MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

Coverage:

* Module one: The Foundation on the Study of Language

* Module two: Overview on the Study of Linguistics: Theories and Branches

* Module three: Phonology

# MODULE ONE: THE FOUNDATION ON THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

### Important terms

### Origin of language

## Lesson two: Nature of Language

## Lesson three: Characteristics of Language

## Lesson four: Branches of Linguistics

### Important distinction

## Lesson five: Language Models

### Important concepts

## Lesson six: Linguistics in the Classroom

### Applications in teaching

### Language varieties and standard English

### NESTs and non-NESTS

### English language teaching methods

Nine. Module Two: Overview on the Study of Linguistics - Theories and Branches

### One. Plato

### Two. René Descartes

### Three. John Locke

### Quick comparison

## Lesson Two: Behaviorism Theory

### Main principles

### Important terms

## Lesson Three: Universal Grammar Theory

### Main principles

### Important terms

## Lesson Four: Social Cognitive Theory

### Main principles

### Important terms

## Lesson Five: Humanistic Theory

### Abraham Maslow

The commonly taught five levels are:

### Carl Rogers

### Main principles of humanistic learning

## Lesson six: Language Models

### A. Acculturation Model

### Factors

### B. Monitor Model

One. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

Two. Monitor Hypothesis

Three. Natural Order Hypothesis

Four. Input Hypothesis

Five. Affective Filter Hypothesis

### Do not confuse these models

# MODULE THREE: PHONOLOGY

## Lesson one: Phonology Versus Phonetics

Three major areas of phonetics:

### Phonology

### Differences

### Important terms

### Phonemic transcription

Important symbols:

### Voiced and voiceless sounds

## Lesson two: Experimental and Descriptive Phonetics

### B. Descriptive phonetics

### Difference

## Lesson three: Vowels and Consonants

### A. Vowels

#### One. Tongue height

Two. Tongue position

Three. Lip rounding

B. Consonants

Segmental phonemes

Syllables

Lesson Four: Place and Manner of Articulation

One. Bilabial

Two. Labiodental

Three. Dental or interdental

Four. Alveolar

Five. Postalveolar

Six. Palatal

Seven. Velar

Eight. Glottal

B. Manner of articulation

One. Stop or plosive: Airflow is completely blocked and then released.

Two. Fricative: Air passes through a narrow opening, creating friction.

Three. Affricate: A stop closure is released into a fricative.

Four. Nasal: Air passes through the nose because the velum is lowered.

Five. Approximant: Articulators approach each other without creating strong friction.

Six. Lateral approximant: Air flows around the sides of the tongue.

Seven. Tap or flap: The tongue makes brief contact with another articulator.

C. Voicing, place, and manner together

Lesson Five: Suprasegmental Features

One. Stress

Two. Intonation

Five. Rhythm

Six. Juncture

Seven. Length or duration

Why suprasegmental features matter

Segmental versus suprasegmental

Phonology essentials:

Midterm self-test

One. What is the scientific study of language?

Two. Which branch studies the formation and structure of words?

Three. Who is associated with Universal Grammar?

Four. Who is associated with the Acculturation Model?

Five. Which theory emphasizes learning through observation and modeling? A. Humanistic Theory