IMAGE PRODUCTION & FILM PROCESSING

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IMAGE PRODUCTION AND FILM PROCESSING

DARK ROOM

Radiography begins and ends in the dark room

A scientific laboratory with a controlled environment

IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFICIENT DARK ROOM (PROCESSING ROOM)

Location

Adjacent, approximate and near the exposure room

Dry Section Film Bin Wet Section

Must be accessible

Size

Negatoscope; View box; Wet Film Illuminator

Fifteen by nine point five foot for DRs that processes two hundred radiographs per day

There should be four feet distance between the wet and dry sections to avoid area contamination

Protection Against Radiation

Ventilation Humidity (Moisture) Range: thirty to sixty percent humidity

Air Movement

Cleanliness

Types:

Replacement: Every year - for twenty-four seven use; for tungsten, amber and Sodium Vapor bulbs

To reduce patient dose

To homogenize the heterogeneous x-ray beam

Electric Wiring

TYPES OF PROCESSING ROOMS

Wet Section

EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE

To Prevent Static Artifacts:

Mechanisms That Maintain Proper Moisture Thus Helping to Provide Quality Radiographs:

ARTIFACTS

HAZARDS AND STORAGE OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS

Permissible Chemical Exposure Limits:

Effects of Low Humidity:

Spectral Matching

Artifact - any aberrations in the image providing no valuable information

SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF FILM

Monochromatic Blue light sensitive; globular grains

Orthochromatic

Panchromatic Sensitive to all visible light spectrum

GENERAL TYPES OF FILM

Indirect Exposure Film

Fluorescence While/within x-ray emission

Phosphorescence

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL FOR PROCESSING ROOM

· Safelight Test

· Automatic Processor Temperature

· Replenishment Rate

Optical Density - indicates the use of a densitometer

Penetrometer (Aluminum Step Wedge)

Contrast

Contrast versus Density

OXIDIZED DEVELOPER

TYPES OF OXIDATION

o Reduction of chemical strength as a result of chemical fight in the solution

· Use Oxidation

OXIDATION versus CONTAMINATION

· Contamination

Hydroquinone - most sensitive chemical to light

Importance of Oxidation

Compensation for an Oxidized Developer

REPLENISHMENT

REPLENISHER

· Types: o MQ Replenisher - without restrainer

CLASSIFICATION OF DEVELOPER AS TO ADDIVITY

· PQ Developer

REPLENISHMENT SYSTEMS

o Replenishment Rates:

Flood

· Can replenish seven hundred eighty cubic centimeters per hour

· Developer Solution pH - quarterly; between ten to eleven point five pH

o The concentration of chemicals in the developer solution

INTRODUCTION TO FILM SENSITOMETRY

· Instruments:

pH (Power of Hydrogen)

FILM SENSITOMETRY.

THE GURNEY-MOTT THEORY OF LATENT IMAGE FORMATION.

IMAGE PRODUCTION: THE PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHS.

One. Wetting, reduce surface tension; swell the emulsion; provide uniform development.

Two. Developing, convert the latent image into visible, manifest, image.

Processing Tank Construction:

Five. Washing - remove remaining processing chemicals

Six. Drying - remove excessive moisture and prepare radiograph for assessment

Stop Bath - master tank

Washing - separate tank

Stop Bath vs. Rinse Bath

Processing Chemicals:

Two. DEVELOPING PROCESS

Processing Chemicals:

Other Components:

WHEN TO CONSIDER THE DEVELOPER IS OLD/EXHAUSTED

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT TIME

Three. RINSING PROCESS

Four. FIXING PROCESS

Processing Chemicals:

Thiosilver Sulfate - the combination of silver and thiosulfate

Comparison of the Chemicals:

Neutralizer

Preservative

Hardener

Comparison of the Chemicals:

Solvent

HypoKit

Other Components:

Anti-Sludging Agent, Buffer Agent

Hyponeutralizer

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE USE OF FIXER

CAUSES OF EXHAUSTION OF THE FIXING SOLUTION

RELATIONSHIP OF DEVELOPMENT TIME TO FIXING TIME

Washing Process

FACTORS AFFECTING WASHING TIME

Drying Process

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DRYING TIME

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN PROCESSING RADIOGRAPHS

SYSTEMS OF AN AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

One. TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Subassemblies:

Roller Subassembly

Materials Used as Roller

Cross-Over Roller

Transport Roller

Guide Shoes/Plates

Transport Rack Subassembly

Drive Subassembly Electric Motor - provide power for the roller assembly

Subassemblies

Temperature-Control System

Types:

Circulation System (Agitating System)

Filtration System

Replenishment System

Replenishing Pumps Used

Dryer System

Electrical System

Alternative Processing Methods

Extended Processing

Daylight Processing

Silver Recovery (Silver Reclamation)

Methods of Silver Recovery

Factors Affecting Silver Recovery

Films Where Silver Can Be Recovered

Radiographic Artifacts

General Classification of Artifacts

Causes of Exposure Artifacts

Patient Artifacts

Causes of Processing Artifacts

Processing Artifacts

Handling and Storage Artifacts

Static

Indications of Inadequate Processing

THE RADIOGRAPHIC FILM

Types of X-Ray

Radiographic Film

History of the Radiographic Film

Cross Section of the Radiographic Film Base

Film Construction

Adhesive Layer (Substratum)

o Definition:

Manufacturing Process:

Emulsification

Doctoring for additive (sensitizer, hardener, fungicide, wetting, plasticizer)

Protective Coating (Overcoat/Supercoat/Top coat)

Film Emulsion

Collagen and Colloid as Gelatin Material:

Silver Halide Crystals

Film Characteristics

Film Contrast Types:

Exposure Latitude

Reciprocity Law

Image Formation

Types of Film

Single Emulsion Film

Film Sizes

Overview

The document outlines key factors necessary for effective dark room management in radiography, including temperature and humidity requirements, air movement, cleanliness, and the proper handling of processing chemicals. It aims to minimize artifacts and ensure high-quality radiographs through controlled practices.

Key Points

1The dark room should maintain specific humidity (30-60%) and temperature (65-83°F) levels
2Proper ventilation and light-tight measures are essential to avoid contamination
3Different types of safelight filters and illumination techniques are discussed for optimal processing
4Regular maintenance schedules for quality assurance are necessary for film processing equipment
5Toxicity risks of processing chemicals and their permissible exposure limits are highlighted

Details

Authors: Alvin P. Cacayan
Category: Health and Medicine

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