Examples: · Air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium Common Misconception:
Examples: Ice, metal, salt crystals, plastic
· Particles are far apart, random motion, high kinetic energy
Clarify the "fire" confusion:
ENDOTHERMIC (ABSORBS HEAT):
EXOTHERMIC (RELEASES HEAT):
B Transitions Between States
A NAVIGATING THE ARCHITECTURE OF MATTER AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS
Step Three: Differentiate
Core Definition: · Bonds break, new substance forms.
Property Examples: · Flammability, Reactivity, Toxicity.
Law One: The Law of Conservation of Mass (Antoine Lavoisier seventeen eighty-nine)
Law Two: The Law of Definite Proportions (Joseph Proust seventeen ninety-seven)
Law three: The Law of Multiple Proportions
Law four: The Law of Reciprocal Proportions
Non-Stoichiometric Compounds
The Architecture is Predictable
A NAVIGATING THE ARCHITECTURE ON MATTER REQUIRES A MASTERING FOUR CORE PRINCIPLES
Elements are the fundamental, indivisible blocks of the universe.
D Compounds form through the chemical union of two or more different elements in fixed proportions.
The Ozone Exception Ozone
Ionic Bond (The Transfer)
Covalent/Molecular Bonds (The Share)
Rule two: Diatomic Elements
PROVIDING CHARGE VIA ELECTRIC FIELD
THE ATOMS HEAVY CORE: MASS NUMBER (A)
ISOBARS: DIFFERENT IDENTITY, IDENTICAL MASS
THE DISTINCTION: MASS NUMBER VERSUS ATOMIC WEIGHT
Advanced Application: Finding the Unknowns
A STANDARDIZING THE PUZZLE PIECES
Diatomic Molecules (O two)
First Attempts at Structure: Döbereiner's Triads (eighteen twenty-nine)
The Rhythm of Matter: Helixes and Octaves
Newlands (eighteen sixty-five)
The Master Architects: Mendeleev vs. Meyer (eighteen sixty-nine to eighteen seventy)
The Unexpected Wing: Noble Gases
The Subatomic Architect: Seaborg and The Actinides
Pushing the Limits: The Extended Table
Rethinking the Topology: The Cylindrical Table
From Deterministic Orbits to Probabilistic Waves
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
The Address Book of the Atom
Rules of Residence: The Aufbau Principle
Rules of Residence: Hund's Rule
Constructing an Electron Configuration
The Periodic Table is a Quantum Map
What are Valence Electrons?
Why Electron Configurations matter:
Shells (principal quantum number n)
Subshells (azimuthal quantum number)
Quantum Numbers: Shells and Subshells.
Pauli's Exclusion Principle.
Hund's Rule (Maximum Multiplicity).
What are Valence Electrons?
Two point zero Characteristics of Valence Electrons.
Three point zero Method one: Periodic Table Shortcut (Main Group Rule).
B. Transition Metal Complexity.
Six point zero Chemical Bonding Matrix.
Five point zero The Driving Force: Octets and Ions.
Six point zero Lewis Theory and Electron Pairs.
Nine point zero From Micro to Macro: Conductivity.
Module two: Lesson eight.
The Golden Rule of Periodicity.
MAPPING THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ELEMENTS:
Step three: The Exceptions (The Nuance).
Eight. Reactivity- losing and gaining of electrons; driven by an atom's tendency to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Nine. Vector Cancellation - refers to how individual polar bonds within a molecule interact; stems from electronegativity.