Section six Normal and Abnormal Puerperium
Thirty-nine. Pregnancy With Previous Cesarean Delivery Integrity of Scar six hundred fifty-eight
Cause of Haemorrhage (bleeding)
Dangerous placenta previa (Type two posterior placenta previa)
Clinical Features of placenta previa SYMPTOMS
Three. Basic Investigations for Management
Three. During Cesarean Delivery
Four. After Vaginal Delivery
Characteristics One. Definition
Section Seven | Antepartum Complications
Indications for Expectant Management
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT (INDICATIONS FOR ACTIVE TREATMENT/TERMINATION OF EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT)
The indications of cesarean delivery
Lower uterine segment cesarean section (delivery). The advantages of lower uterine segment approach are:
CLASSICAL CESAREAN DELIVERY
DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING CESAREAN SECTION IN PLACENTA PREVIA
PRACTICAL APPROACH TO LOWER SEGMENT CESAREAN AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED
Section Seven | Antepartum Complications
Couvelaire Uterus (Uteroplacental apoplexy)
Gross Examination (Figure thirty-one point five)
Treatment. It is same as the treatment of severe abruption.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation or coagulation failure (coagulopathy)
Clinical features of abruptio placentae
Clinical Grading of Abruptio Placentae
Chapter thirty-one | Antepartum Hemorrhage
Indeterminate antepartum haemorrhage
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
Definition of hypertension
Severity of Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy
Non-severe pre-eclampsia:
I. Gestational Hypertension
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
One. Abnormal Trophoblastic Invasion and Placental Ischemia Theory
Three. Immunological Factors
Four. Maternal Maladaptation to Vascular and Inflammatory Changes (Maternal syndrome)
Five. Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) Versus Toxicity Preventing Activity
Six. Increased Pressor Responses
Seven. Angiogenic and antiangiogenic proteins
Eight. Interaction of Various Factors
Nine. Genesis of Pre-eclampsia as a Two-stage Disorder
Two. Cardiovascular System
chapter thirty-two | Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Three. Volume Homeostasis
Criteria for Diagnosis for HELLP Syndrome
Chapter thirty-two | Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Six. Changes in the Brain
Seven. Visual Disturbances and Retinal Changes
Eight. Changes in the Respiratory system
PREDICTION OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA
Prevention of Pre-eclampsia
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
PREVENTION OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA
COMPLICATIONS OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA
Four. Remote Complications
MANAGEMENT OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA WITHOUT SEVERE FEATURES (MILD PRE-ECLAMPSIA)
Treatment of pre-eclampsia without severe features (formerly Mild Pre-eclampsia)
Indications of using diuretics. Diuretics are only given when there are the following indications.
Eight. Maternal monitoring. Frequency of monitoring
MANAGEMENT OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA WITH SEVERE FEATURES (FORMERLY SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA)
Expectant Management for Severe Pre-eclampsia
Management at thirty-four Weeks Gestation
Management of Labour in Severe Pre-eclampsia Vaginal delivery is the aim. Cesarean section is to be
Indications of Delivering Women with Severe Pre-eclampsia for expedient delivery (within seventy-two hours)
IMMINENT (IMPENDING) ECLAMPSIA (ACUTE FULMINANT PRE-ECLAMPSIA)
Hypertensive Emergency (ACOG twenty nineteen)
Prodromal Signs of Eclampsia
Eclamptic Fit or Convulsion
Status Eclampticus. It is a variety of eclampsia in
Fig. thirty two point four: Clinical photograph of a women with eclampsia with tongue bite
Control of convulsions (seizures)
Chapter thirty two. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Various Regimens of Magnesium Sulphate for Eclampsia
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
Other Anticonvulsant Regimens
Three. LYTIC COCKTAIL OR MENON'S REGIMEN (KRISHNA MENON, nineteen sixty-one CHENNAI, INDIA)
Four. MIDOZOLAM HAS ALSO BEEN USED Control of Hypertension
Management during convulsion
Management of Complications
CHRONIC HYPERTENSION DURING PREGNANCY
Causes of Chronic Hypertension
Two. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
Risk Factors for Developing Superimposed Pre-eclampsia
Complications of Chronic Hypertension during Pregnancy
CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE DURING PREGNANCY
Effect of Pregnancy on Kidney Disease
Effect of Kidney Disease on Pregnancy
DETERMINATION OF ZYGOSITY
DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
General Physical Examination
Abdominal Examination Inspection
Section seven | Antepartum Complication
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY ON FETUSES
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
The criteria for diagnosis on ultrasound examination are as follows:
Treatment of Co-twin Death
Six. Twin-twin (or Twin-to-twin) Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) (Chronic Intertwin Transfusion
Antenatal criteria recommended for defining the twin-twin transfusion syndrome include the following.
Treatment options. They are as follows:
Seven. Twin anaemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS)
Postnatal criteria: Interwin Hb difference greater than eight point zero grams per deciliter and at least one of the following:
Eight. Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence and Acardiac Twining
Nine. Monoamniotic twin pregnancies
Ten. Congenital Malformations
Twelve. Umbilical cord problems
Thirteen. Malpresentations
PREVENTION OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
MANAGEMENT DURING ANTENATAL PERIOD
Antenatal Advice and care
During labour the following precautions are to be taken.
Delivery of the First Twin
Delivery of the Second Twin (Flow Chart thirty-three point two)
Indications of Elective Cesarean Delivery
Indications of Emergency Cesarean Delivery
Indications of Cesarean for Second Twin
Management of the Third Stage of Labour
Chapter thirty-three | Multiple Pregnancy
MANAGEMENT OF TRIPLETS AND OTHER HIGH ORDER MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES
Preterm Labour, Foetal (Intrauterine) Growth Restriction, Intrauterine Death and Postmaturity
Preterm (or premature) infant
Late preterm infant (a recently identified category) Infant born between thirty-four and thirty-six weeks of gestation.
Infant born between thirty-two and thirty-four completed weeks of gestation.
Infant born before thirty-two completed weeks of gestation.
Prediction of preterm labour Risk factors
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
Prevention of Preterm Birth
Diagnosis of preterm labour
Physical Examination and Investigations
The routine investigations performed are shown in Table Thirty-four point four.
Management of Preterm Labour
unter Thirty-four | Preterm Labour, Fetal (Intrauterine) Growth Restriction, Intrauterine Death and Postmaturity
Section seven | Antepartum Complications
Dosage Scheme of Ritodrine
Indications for Cessation (Stopping) of Tocolysis (Complications of Ritodrine)
Three ISOXSUPRINE REGIMEN
Six INDOMETHACIN (PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE INHIBITORS)
Eight. Nitric Oxide Donors
Nine. Role of progestogens
Section seven. Antepartum Complications
PRELABOR (PREMATURE) RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES (PROM)
PRETERM PRELABOR OR PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES (PPROM)
Chapter thirty-four. Preterm Labor, Fetal (Intrauterine) Growth Restriction, Intrauterine Death and Postmaturity
Antenatal Corticosteroids
FOETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION (FGR) (SYN: INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION)
Section Seven. Antepartum Complications
Two. Late Neonatal Complications
ster thirty-four. Preterm Labour, Fetal (Intrauterine) Growth Restriction, Intrauterine Death and Postmaturity
Diagnosis Clinical Examination
Physical features at birth.
Chapter thirty-four. Preterm Labor, Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction, Intrauterine Death and Postmaturity
Six. Assessment of fetal well-being
Seven. Obstetric Intervention
Care during vaginal delivery
Immediate care of the baby after birth
INTRAUTERINE FETAL DEATH, IUFD or IUD
Fetal Causes, twenty-five to forty percent most common
Placental Causes, fifteen to twenty-five percent
Maternal Causes, five to ten percent
Routine and Special Investigations
Routine and Special Investigations
AOST TERM PREGNANCY SYN: POSTDATISM, POSTMATURITY, PROLONGED PREGNANCY
Tests for Foetal Maturity
Tests for Foetal surveillance
Various intrapartum complications are as follows:
Foetal complications Antepartum complications
Postpartum Complications in the neonate
Section Seven | Antepartum Complications
Induction of Labour INDICATIONS
Complicated Group, Associated with complicating factors.
MEDICAL, SURGICAL, GYNECOLOGICAL AND NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS DURING PREGNANCY
(i) HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY
Physiological hematological changes in pregnancy
FACTORS REQUIRED FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS
Chapter Thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Iron Requirement during Pregnancy
Causes of High Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) in India
Effects of Anaemia on Pregnancy
Clinical Features of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
An iron deficiency anaemia picture shows the following blood values:
Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Five. Iron supplementation in pregnant women.
Oral Iron Therapy (Table thirty-five point four B)
One. Indicators of response to therapy
Section eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Four. Contraindications to oral iron therapy are:
Indications of Parenteral Iron Therapy
Calculation of dose of parenteral iron (milligrams) can be done using different formulae.
Pre-requisites prior to giving parenteral iron therapy:
DISADVANTAGES OF INTRAMUSCULAR IRON
Management of Labour FIRST STAGE
Section eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS DURING PREGNANCY
Folate Deficiency Megaloblastic Anaemia
Megaloblastic Anaemia due to Vitamin Cyanocobalamin Deficiency
ANAEMIA FROM ACUTE BLOOD LOSS
Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies
Acquired Hemolytic Anaemia
Drug induced hemolytic anaemia
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Sickle-Cell Hemoglobinopathies in Pregnancy
Second and Third trimester
TREATMENT OF SICKLING CRISIS
NESTROFT, NAKED EYE SINGLE TUBE RED CELL OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST
Second and Third trimester
Chelation therapy Indications:
Anaemia of chronic disease
One. Hereditary - Fanconi's anaemia
POLYCYTHEMIA IN PREGNANCY
Pregnancy associated (gestational) thrombocytopenia
INHERITED COAGULATION (BLEEDING) DISORDERS
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy Key Points
chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Incidence of heart disease
DIAGNOSIS OF HEART DISEASE DURING PREGNANCY
CLASSIFICATION OF HEART DISEASE
EFFECTS OF CARDIAC DISEASE ON PREGNANCY
chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Role of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) in heart disease
Absolute contraindications of pregnancy (Indications of MTP)
Relative Contraindications of Pregnancy (Relative indications for MTP)
Indications of Admission to hospital
MANAGEMENT OF LABOUR AND DELIVERY
Indications of Induction of Labour
Indications of Cesarean Section
Management of First Stage of Labour
Treatment of Cardiac failure
INDIVIDUAL HEART DISEASES IN PREGNANCY-RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Preconceptional Counselling
Role of Mitral Valvotomy in Pregnancy
chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Treatment of Cardiac failure
INDIVIDUAL HEART DISEASES IN PREGNANCY-RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Preconceptional Counselling
Role of Mitral Valvotomy in Pregnancy
Section Eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Pregnancy after valve replacement surgery
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES IN PREGNANCY
Chapter Thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
MISCELLANEOUS CARDIAC DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
HEART DISEASE WITH PRETERM LABOUR
Section Eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
One. Etiological Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
Two. Classification in Pregnancy
Glycosuria during pregnancy
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Pregnancy as a diabetogenic state
Risk factors for gestational diabetes
Section eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Methods of Screening SCREENING IN GDM
The advantages of this single step method are:
Disadvantage. Over diagnosis
(i) Glucose Challenge Test, GCT
Maternal and Fetal Effects of GDM
Section Eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
PRE GESTATIONAL (OVERT) DIABETES MELLITUS IN PREGNANCY
Classification of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy
Effect of pregnancy on diabetes
Effect of Diabetes on Pregnancy A. Maternal Complications
Maternal Complications During Pregnancy
Management Prepregnancy, Preconceptional, Counselling
Section Eight. Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Diabetes meal Planner; Plate Method
General Physical Examination
Indications of insulin therapy
Management of Complicated Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Management of Labour in a Diabetic Woman Receiving Insulin
Indications of Cesarean Delivery
Section eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
World Health Organization.
Thyroid Function Tests in Pregnancy
Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Pregnancy
Chapter Thirty Five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
HYPOTHYROIDISM DURING PREGNANCY
Section eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Treatment Overt Hypothyroidism
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Miscellaneous thyroid conditions
OTHER ENDOCRINE DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY
Postpartum hypopituitarism, Sheehan's syndrome.
Three. Diseases of Adrenal Glands
Four. Diseases of Parathyroid Gland
Two. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy
Six. Cushing syndrome in pregnancy
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Physiological respiratory changes during
RESPIRATORY DISEASES DURING PREGNANCY
Pneumonia during pregnancy
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Effects of pregnancy on asthma
Effects of asthma on pregnancy
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ASTHMATIC ATTACK DURING PREGNANCY
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Management of Asthma in Labour
COVID-nineteen INFECTION IN PREGNANCY Introduction
Classification of COVID-nineteen infection
Classification of COVID-nineteen illness severity in pregnancy
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
CO-RADS scoring on CT chest
Effect of COVID-nineteen on pregnancy
Vertical Transmission of COVID-nineteen
Perinatal and Neonatal Outcome
Antenatal (Prenatal) care of COVID-19 pregnancy
Triaging of patients and setting up of obstetric services during COVID pandemic
Management of confirmed COVID-19 positive cases with asymptomatic or mild disease
Management of confirmed COVID positive pregnant women - Moderate to Severe disease
Management of confirmed COVID positive critically ill pregnant women and those with refractory hypoxemia:
Management of labor (Intrapartum care) in COVID-19 patients
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Postnatal (Postpartum) care It is shown in table thirty-five point thirty-three.
Chapter Thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Seven. The Infant vaccinations and care as per routine are advised
PHYSIOLOGICAL RENAL AND URINARY TRACT CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTIs)
Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
PERSONAL HYGIENE MEASURES
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Complications During Pregnancy
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) (FORMERLY ACUTE RENAL FAILURE)
Effects of CKD on pregnancy
Preconceptional counselling
PREGNANCY IN RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENT
Seven. LIVER DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
OBSTETRIC CHOLESTASIS (Synonyms: Intrahepatic Cholestasis, Icterus Gravidarum, Recurrent Jaundice of Pregnancy)
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCY
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
VIRAL HEPATITIS IN PREGNANCY
Seven. Epstein Barr Virus
CLINICAL FEATURES OF VIRAL HEPATITIS IN PREGNANCY
Treatment of viral hepatitis
Fulminant Hepatitis (Hepatic Coma, Hepatic Failure)
Chapter Thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Effect of pregnancy on epilepsy
Effect of epilepsy on pregnancy
Fetal Anticonvulsant Syndrome
Pre-pregnancy counselling
Effects of Pregnancy on MS
Effects of MS on Pregnancy
Management During Pregnancy
PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY
Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders
Nine. CONNECTIVE TISSUE (COLLAGEN VASCULAR) DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS (SLE)
Effect of Pregnancy on SLE
Effect of SLE on Pregnancy
Chapter thirty-five | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Thrombophilia in pregnancy
CLASSIFICATION OF THROMBOPHILIAS
ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME (APS, APLS, APLA)
Physiological skin changes in pregnancy
Pruritic urticarial papules or polymorphic eruption of pregnancy
Papular dermatitis (Syn. Prurigo of pregnancy, prurigo gestation)
Herpes gestationalis (Pemphigoid gestationalis)
Impetigo herpetiformis of pregnancy (Pruritis folliculitis of pregnancy, generalized pustular psoriasis, GPP)
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) in pregnancy
Two. There are some pregnancy-specific dermatosis during pregnancy.
Three. Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae should be treated by anti-leprosy drugs.
INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS DURING PREGNANCY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TUBERCULOSIS DURING PREGNANCY
TREATMENT OF tuberculosis IN PREGNANCY
Treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis in pregnancy
Treatment of HIV and tuberculosis in pregnancy
MANAGEMENT OF NEONATE OF A tuberculosis PATIENT
tuberculosis and breastfeeding
tuberculosis and contraception
Perinatal, Congenital tuberculosis
Chapter thirty-six | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY ON MALARIAL COURSE
EFFECTS OF MALARIA ON PREGNANCY
Second and third trimester:
(three) HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION (HIV)
RISK FACTORS AND MODES OF TRANSMISSION
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Chapter thirty-six | Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Effect of pregnancy on HIV
Effect of HIV on pregnancy
Preconception counselling
MANAGEMENT OF HIV POSITIVE WOMAN IN PREGNANCY
Antiretroviral therapy to the neonate
Two. Zidovudine therapy. Alternatively, Zidovudine syrup
Four Prong Strategy plan to reduce MTCT (NACO)
Post Exposure Prophylaxis (as per NACO Guidelines)
TOXOPLASMA INFECTION IN PREGNANCY
RUBELLA GERMAN MEASLES INFECTION
CYTOMEGALO VIRUS INFECTION (CMV)
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) INFECTION
OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS IN PREGNANCY
Hepatitis virus infection
Suggested Reading (v) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN PREGNANCY
Six. Chancroid (soft chancre)
Eight. Lymphogranuloma venereum
Thirteen. Vaginitis (bacterial vaginitis, trichomonal vaginitis and Candidal vaginitis), see Chapter eleven for details
Twelve. HSV infection (see above for details)
Ten. Molluscum contagiosum
(vi) MISCELLANEOUS INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS IN PREGNANCY
Section Eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Eight. Threadworm infestation (Enterobiasis)
Eleven. Tapeworm infestation
Fifteen. Lice infestation (Pediculosis)
Abdominal Pain, Surgical Conditions, Gynecological Disorders and Neoplastic Conditions during Pregnancy
Two Non-Obstetric causes (They can occur any time in pregnancy)
Section Eight | Medical, Surgical, Gynecological and Infectious diseases in pregnancy
Two. Intestinal obstruction
(ii) GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
Effects of fibroid on pregnancy
Effects of pregnancy on fibroid
Uterine Artery Embolization and Pregnancies
OVARIAN TUMORS IN PREGNANCY
Effects of Ovarian Tumor on Pregnancy
Effects of Pregnancy on Ovarian Tumor
GENITAL PROLAPSE AND PREGNANCY
Effects of Prolapse on Pregnancy
RETROVERTED GRAVID UTERUS
Clinical Features and Presentation
Three. MALIGNANT DISEASE AND PREGNANCY
Effect of Pregnancy on Malignancies
Effect of Malignancy on Pregnancy
Chemotherapy in pregnancy
CERVICAL NEOPLASIA IN PREGNANCY
Abnormal Cervical Cytology
Invasive carcinoma cervix
Effects of Pregnancy on Tumor
Effects of Tumor on Pregnancy
During Second Half of Pregnancy
Effect of Pregnancy on Breast Cancer
PATHOGENESIS OF RH ISOIMMUNIZATION
Antibodies associated with Hemolytic disease of newborn
Factors Deciding the Maternal Response (why all rh-negative women do not get isoimmunized)
Incidence of isoimmunization
Factors predisposing to feto-maternal haemorrhage and sensitization
Foetal effects of Rh-isoimmunization (hemolytic disease)
Two. Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
Chapter Thirty-eight | Pregnancy in Red Cell Alloimmunization (Rh-Negative Mother)
PREVENTION OF RH-IMMUNIZATION
Current Recommendations for Immunoprophylaxis
Screening and Quantification for Fetomaternal Haemorrhage
Free Fetal DNA Testing in Maternal Serum
MANAGEMENT OF NON-IMMUNIZED MOTHER
MANAGEMENT OF IMMUNIZED PATIENT
Two. Indirect Coomb's test
Three. Paternal blood group genotyping
Four. Fetal blood group determination
Five. Middle Cerebral Artery Peak Systolic Velocity
Six. Ultrasound-assessment of fetus is useful for:
Eight. Foetal Blood Sampling and Intravascular Transfusion
Nine. Termination of pregnancy
Where Proper Facilities are not Available
Eleven. Methods of Termination
INTRAUTERINE FOETAL TRANSFUSION
JeLiUn y | Special Conditions
One. Intravascular Transfusion
Procedure (Figure thirty-eight ten)
Two. Intraperitoneal transfusion
Amount of blood to be transfused (milliliters) equals (gestational age in weeks minus twenty) times ten.
PRECAUTIONS DURING DELIVERY AND CESAREAN
General management of newborn
EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION IN THE NEWBORN
saving procedure which removes hemolyzed and antibody coated red blood cells and unattached antibodies and replaces them with donor red blood cells which lack sensitizing antigen in affected fetuses.
Therapeutic termination and permanent sterilization
OTHER TYPES OF ANTIBODIES CAUSING ISOIMMUNIZATION
Non-immune Hydrops Fetalis
Chapter thirty-eight. Pregnancy in Red Cell Alloimmunization (Rh-Negative Mother)
Chapter thirty-eight | Pregnancy in Red Cell Alloimmunization (Rh-Negative Mother)
Section nine | Special Conditions
Pregnancy with Previous Cesarean Delivery
Effect of Cesarean delivery on Pregnancy and Labour
Effect of pregnancy on Scar
Differences between Lower Segment Scar and Classical Scar
Scar of a Lower Segment Transverse Incision Cesarean Delivery
One. Details of Last Cesarean Delivery
Two. Past History of Vaginal Delivery
Three. Factors in Present Pregnancy
Assessment of Scar Thickness and Integrity One. In the inter-conceptional period
SCAR DEHISCENCE, UTERINE RUPTURE
Features of Impending Scar Rupture
Three. Emergency hospitalization
PLANNING MODE OF DELIVERY
Factors Influencing the Mode of Delivery
Nine. Miscellaneous factors:
VAGINAL BIRTH AFTER CESAREAN (VBAC) (PRONOUNCED AS VEEBACK)
Contraindications for vaginal birth after cesarean (Indications of elective cesarean delivery)
Management of Labour for vaginal birth after cesarean: Trial of Labour
Risks of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
Multiple Repeat Cesarean Deliveries
Bad Obstetric History and Other Miscellaneous Conditions
Risk factors for teenage pregnancy
Chapter Forty / Bad Obstetric History and Other Miscellaneous Conditions
Complications Antepartum complications
Two. Chromosomal anomalies, like Trisomy twenty-one, increasing maternal age.
Intrapartum complications
Two. Malpresentations and malposition
PREGNANCY AFTER THIRTY-FIVE YEARS
There are two groups of women.
Complications I. Maternal ANTEPARTUM
Five. Obstetric problems are more common in elderly patients.
One. Dysfunctional and prolonged labor due to uterine inertia and malpositions like occipito-posterior position.
One. Preconceptional Counseling
Three. Antepartum Management
Four. Intrapartum Management
Five. Postpartum Management
Pregnancy following surgical procedures for obesity
Chapter forty Bad Obstetric History and Other Miscellaneous Conditions
Factors on history taking
Factors in current pregnancy
Obstetric intensive care and high dependency care
Indications of admission to HDU
DAY CARE OBSTETRICS (DAY CARE UNIT)
Two. Women with a history of previous stillbirth.
Measures to improve rural obstetrics
Dawn's rule of ten, Reproductive and Child Healthcare to grow three kilogram baby
Section Nine | Special Condition
Traumatic Conditions and Shock in Obstetrics
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN PREGNANCY
SEXUAL ABUSE IN PREGNANCY
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Types and causes of shock in obstetrics
HYPOVOLEMIC OR HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
Phases of Hemorrhagic Shock
Management of Hemorrhagic or Hypovolemic Shock
Normovolemic shock covers several fairly distinct entities where the blood volume is normal but due to arteriolar or capillary dilatation the capacity of the vascular tree is increased. Thus, the norm
Endotoxic shock (syn. septic shock, bacteremic shock, bacterial shock)
Diagnosis and Investigations
Section nine | Special Conditions
GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF OBSTETRIC SHOCK (Flow Chart forty-one point three)
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
Section nine | Special Conditions
Chapter Forty-one | Traumatic Conditions and Shock in Obstetrics
Five. Anticoagulant therapy
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
Chapter Forty-one | Traumatic Conditions and Shock in Obstetrics
MATERNAL COLLAPSE IN PREGNANCY
Causes of increased risk of maternal collapse in pregnancy
Perimortem cesarean delivery
(i) EARLY PREGNANCY OPERATIONS
One. DILATATION AND EVACUATION
One stage procedure Indications
Pre-operative Preparation
Management of Uterine Perforation
Section ten | Operative Obstetrics
Dilatation and evacuation as a two-stage procedure Indications
STEPS OF INTRODUCTION OF TENTS (FIG. forty-two point two)
(B) SECOND STAGE-EVACUATION
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Complications of suction evacuation
CONTRACEPTION FOLLOWING MISCARRIAGE OR ABORTION
(ii) OBSTETRIC FORCEPS AND VENTOUSE
Section ten | Operative Obstetrics
Identification of the Blades ON ARTICULATION OF BLADES
Classification of forceps
Forces and functions of forceps
Indications and Contraindications
Pre-requisites of Forceps
Techniques of application of forceps in low forceps delivery
Forceps in Face Presentations
Forceps in Brow Presentation
Forceps to the After-coming Head
Chapter Forty-two. Operative Obstetrics
Current Status of Kielland Forceps
Types of Forceps Application The prophylactic forceps
CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT OF FAILED FORCEPS
Causes of difficulty in forceps application The causes of difficulty in forceps application are shown in Table forty-two point eight.
VACUUM EXTRACTOR OR VENTOUSE
Suction Machine (Figure forty-two point sixteen)
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Suction Cups METAL CUPS (Figure forty-two point seventeen)
Silastic Cups (Figure forty-two point eighteen)
Technique of Ventouse Extraction
Section ten. Operative Obstetrics
Step one: Application of the Cup.
Step two: Creation of Vacuum.
Trial vacuum and failed vacuum
Comparison of vacuum extraction with forceps
Recommendations regarding vacuum delivery
Section ten | Operative Obstetrics
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
STRUCTURES CUT IN MEDIO-LATERAL EPISIOTOMY
STEPS OF MEDIO-LATERAL EPISIOTOMY
Step two: Incision (Fig forty-two point twenty-five)
TIMING OF THE EPISIOTOMY REPAIR
TECHNIQUE OF EPISIOTOMY REPAIR
One. Repair of Mucosa (Fig. forty-two point twenty-six A)
Two. Repair of Muscles and Fascia (Fig. forty-two point twenty-six B)
Three. Repair of skin (Figs. forty-two point twenty-six C and D)
POST OPERATIVE CARE OF EPISIOTOMY
Two. Ambulation. Early ambulation is recommended.
COMPLICATIONS OF EPISIOTOMY
Delayed (Late) Complications
Four. DESTRUCTIVE OPERATIONS (REDUCTIVE EMBRYOTOMY)
TYPES OF DESTRUCTIVE OPERATIONS
One. Decompression (Perforation) of a Hydrocephalic Head or Craniocentesis
Section ten | Operative Obstetrics
Technical Aspects (Procedure)
Chapter Forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Three. Decapitation Definition
COMPLICATIONS OF DESTRUCTIVE OPERATIONS
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
One. Decompression of hydrocephalic head
(v) CESAREAN DELIVERY AND CESAREAN HYSTERECTOMY
Primary cesarean delivery. When the cesarean is performed for the first time on a woman.
Historical background and nomenclature
Reasons of increasing cesarean rates
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
ABSOLUTE AND COMMON INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF CESAREAN DELIVERY
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE (LOWER SEGMENT CESAREAN DELIVERY OR LOWER SEGMENT CESAREAN SECTION [LSCS])
Fourteen. Anesthesia for Cesarean delivery
Fifteen. Surgical safety protocol should be used in all cases.
One. THE VERTICAL INFRA-UMBILICAL INCISION
chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Section ten | Operative Obstetrics
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
First Post operative day or day two of operation
Second Post operative day or day three of operation: Revised treatment
Day four of operation. Light solid diet is allowed. Full diet from day three to four, if passed stools. Dressing is changed.
Day six or seven of operation. Stitches are removed on day five or six in transverse incision and on day seven in vertical incision.
Section ten | Operative Obstetrics
One. Intra-operative Complications
Two. Post-operative Complications
MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS Immediate Complications
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
RESEARCH STUDIES IN CESAREAN DELIVERY
Classification of Urgency of Cesarean Delivery
CLASSICAL CESAREAN SECTION
Section Ten | Operative Obstetrics
EXTRAPERITONEAL CESAREAN SECTION
PERIMORTEM CESAREAN DELIVERY
MATERNAL AND PERINATAL MORTALITY IN CESAREAN SECTION
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Causes of Perinatal Mortality
HOW TO REDUCE HIGHER CESAREAN RATES
Methods to reduce cesarean rates
Chapter forty-two. Operative Obstetrics
External Cephalic Version Introduction and Definition
Relative Contraindications
Pre-procedure Preparation
Section ten. Operative Obstetrics
Factors Associated with Successful Version
Factors Associated with Failure of ECV
External Version in Transverse Lie
Timing and Pre-requisites
Pre-procedure Preparation
Section Ten | Operative Obstetrics
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Colpotomy (Figure forty-two point forty-six)
Cervical tear (Figure forty-two point forty-seven) See Chapter twenty-six for details.
Steps of Abdominal Hysterotomy
Chapter forty-two | Operative Obstetrics
Section eleven CONTRACEPTION
Aims and objectives of control of population and family planning
Family Planning twenty twenty
Key Highlights of the Programme A. India's Strategy
B. Contraceptive Basket of Choice Under National Family Planning Programme
C. Augmenting the demand through ASHA schemes for Family Planning
D. Promoting Quality Sterilization Services Sterilization Compensation Scheme
MOBILE TERMS DEDICATED FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
E. Promoting Quality Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Services
H. Public Private Partnership
Measurement of efficacy of a contraceptive
WHO eligibility criteria for contraceptives
Table Forty-three point one C: Contraceptive Failure Rates of Various Methods in the First Year of Use
One. Temporary contraceptive methods (spacing methods)
Two. Permanent contraceptive methods (terminal methods)
Newer Male Condoms Polyurethane condoms
Two. Female Condom (Figs. forty-three point three A and B)
Section eleven | Contraception
Three. Dutch cap (Diaphragm) (Fig. forty-three point four)
Chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Four. Cervical Caps (Fig. forty-three point five A)
Advantages of Spermicides
Disadvantages of Spermicides
Fertility awareness combined methods
INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES (IUCD) [SYN. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD), COIL]
Classification based on the content of IUD
WHO Categorization of IUDs
Advantages of IUDs over other temporary methods of contraception
Advantages of Newer IUDs (CuT three eighty A, Multiload three seventy-five and Levonorgestrel IUD) over the inert IUDs
Eight. Non-contraceptive benefits of LNG-IUS include:
Disadvantages of Third Generation IUDs
Description of the Commonly Used IUDs
Hormonal IUDs. Progestasert and levonorgestrel
Mechanism of Action of IUD
Technique of Insertion of Copper T, Cu T three hundred eighty A
Technique of Insertion of Lippes Loop
Insertion of Multiload two hundred fifty and three hundred seventy-five
Insertion of LNG-IUS (Mirena)
WHO Eligibility criteria for use of Intrauterine Devices
Chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
WHO Category two: Advantages outweight risk: Here IUDs can be used in judicious indications
WHO Category four: Do not use (absolute contraindications of IUDs)
Complications Early Complications
Section eleven | Contraception
Indications of removal of IUD
Chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Mechanism of Action Oral pills act in the following ways.
Indications and Contraindications
Advantages (benefits) of combined oral contraception
Non-contraceptive benefits of oral pills
Chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Major side effects and risks
One. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Two. Oral pills and cancers
One. Breast Cancer and Oral Pills
Five. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Six. Colorectal Cancer It is decreased by use of combined oral contraceptives.
Section eleven. Contraception
Five. Effects on reproduction
Seven. Lactation, estrogen and progestin
Patient Work-up Prior to Prescribing Oral Contraceptive Pills
Chapter forty-three. Control of Conception, Contraception
Instructions for Starting Oral Contraceptive Pills
Disadvantages and precautions of combined oral pills
Warning features of OCs and indications for stopping the pill
Follow-Up of OC Users And Duration of Use
New formulations and OCs of the future
Three. Antiprogesterone RU-four eighty-six (mifepristone)
Injectable Combination of Estrogen and Progestogen
Six. Skin Patches (Fig. forty-three point nineteen)
Progestogen (Progestin) Only Pill (POP) (Fig. forty-three point twenty)
Prescription of Mini pills
Progestogen (Progestin) only Injectable Contraceptives
Chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Norethindrone enanthate (Noristerate, NET-EN)
The following need to be noted:
Mechanism of action and side effects are the same as norplant.
Advantages of Hormonal Implants
Disadvantages and Side Effects of Hormonal Implants
Long Acting Reversible Contraceptive (LARC) Methods
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (INTERCEPTION, MORNING AFTER PILL, POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTION)
PERMANENT METHODS MALE STERILIZATION
Minivasectomy (non-scalpel vasectomy-NSV)
chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
EFFECTIVENESS OF VASECTOMY
Medical eligibility criteria for sterilization.
One. Interval Ligation or Sterilization
Two. Postpartum Ligation (Puerperal ligation)
Advantages of postpartum ligation
Methods of female sterilization
Chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Pre-operative preparation
Traditional Conventional Laparotomy Technique
Mini Laparotomy, Mini-Lap, Technique
Section eleven. Contraception
Transvaginal ligation can be done by two methods.
chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Shirodkar's Ninety-six Method of Tubal Sterilization
Complications of tubal ligation
Post-operative Complications
Laparoscopic Sterilization
Methods of Tubal Occlusion
Section eleven | Contraception
Advantages of the Laparoscopic Sterilization
Contraceptives for different age groups and Medical conditions
GATHER Approach for family planning: It is a counseling approach using the acronym
chapter forty-three | Control of Conception (Contraception)
Section Twelve MISCELLANEOUS AND CURRENT TOPICS
Undertaking Audit and Audit Cycle
MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS IN OBSTETRICS
Common areas of Medicolegal Cases in Obstetrics
Section Twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Methods to reduce medicolegal cases
Situations where consent is not required Medical emergencies:
PRE-CONCEPTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES ACT
Chapter forty-four | Audit, Medicolegal Aspects, Consent PC PNDT Act, Ethics, Communications, Counselling, Skilled Training
Situations where consent is not required
PRE-CONCEPTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (PC PNDT) ACT
COMMUNICATION IN OBSTETRICS
COUNSELLING IN OBSTETRICS
SKILLED TRAINING IN OBSTETRICS
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN OBSTETRICS
Section Twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
SAFE MOTHERHOOD INITIATIVE (SMI)
Strategies to Reduce Maternal Mortality and Achieve Safe Motherhood
Epidemiology of Obstetrics
Maternal Mortality (death) Definition
Incidence of Maternal Mortality
Causes of Maternal Mortality
Two. INDIRECT MATERNAL DEATHS
FACTORS AFFECTING MATERNAL MORTALITY
Interventions to Prevent Maternal Deaths
Complications of Pregnancy and Delivery
Chronic Maternal Morbidity
Direct Obstetric Morbidity
Indirect Obstetric Morbidity
Incidence of Perinatal Mortality Rate
Factors affecting perinatal mortality MATERNAL AGE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS It is higher in poor women.
Wrigglesworth Classification
Strategies to Reduce Perinatal Mortality
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Under Five Child Mortality
HEALTH PROGRAMMES IN OBSTETRICS
THE REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PHASE ONE PROGRAMME
THE REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PHASE-TWO PROGRAMME
The Major Strategies under the RCH phase two one. Essential Obstetric Care
Two. Emergency Obstetric Care
Nischay-Pregnancy Detection Kit
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) (April two thousand five)
Features of Janani Suraksha Yojana
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK)
The following are the Free Entitlements for pregnant women:
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)
Six. Benefits of breastfeeding to the body and mother as below:
(b) Benefits for the mother
Quality Improvement Cycles: The Fulcrum of LaQshya: The initiative prioritizes local problem
The Quality Circles will work on the selected themes and improve processes using Quality Improvement methodologies.
Section Twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Five. National Rural Health Mission
Expected outcomes of NRHM:
NATIONAL DIGITAL HEALTH MISSION
One. It comprises of six key building blocks.
RMNCH+ (Reproductive, Maternal Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health)
Three Year Action Agenda twenty seventeen to twenty
INTENSIFIED NATIONAL IRON PLUS INITIATIVE (I-NIPI)
Prevalence of Anaemia in India and Targets
Focus on Social mobilization and behaviour change: four key behaviours
Six Institutional Mechanism
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI)
Revised Menstrual Hygiene Scheme
Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation
Adolescent friendly health clinics
NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN FOR HIV and AIDS - twenty seventeen to twenty twenty-four
Elimination of Parent to Child Transmission of HIV and Syphilis
Elimination Strategies for HIV and Syphilis
National Guidelines for Screening and Treatment of Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy twenty fourteen
High Risk Factors for Screening of Hypothyroidism in First Antenatal Visit
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG)
Sustainable Development Goals three
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES IN INDIA THALASSEMIAS, SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND OTHER VARIANT HAEMOGLOBINS
Prevention and Control Strategies
Pre-requisites of prenatal sampling include:
Choices available at an 'at risk' couple:
Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies at Birth (Table forty-five point nine B)
Technique used for analysis of newborn samples:
FIRST TRIMESTER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Section Twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Chapter Forty-six | Imaging in Obstetrics
Ten to Fourteen Weeks Scan
SECOND TRIMESTER OR EIGHTEEN TO TWENTY WEEKS TARGETED SCAN OR EXAMINATIONS OR TARGETTED IMAGING FOR FETAL ANOMALIES (TIFFA)
Indications of Ultrasonography in Second and Third Trimesters of pregnancy.
Uterine Artery (Figs. Forty-six point four A and B)
Umbilical Artery (Figs. Fifteen point five, Fifteen point six and Fifteen point seven)
Fetal Middle Cerebral Artery
Indications of Doppler Studies Indications of Doppler studies are shown in Table Forty-six point three.
X-RAYS IN OBSTETRIC PRACTICE
Estimated fetal radiation in various commonly performed radiological investigations is shown in Table Forty-six point four.
COMPUTED (COMPUTERIZED) TOMOGRAPHY IN OBSTETRICS
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Indications of MRI in Obstetrics
Positron Emission Tomography Scan
Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
angles to the handle. A trough runs along the entire length of the instrument so that blood or secretions collecting in the concave blade drain off along the trough in the handle. It is essentially us
Advantages over Cusco's Speculum in Obstetrics
Disadvantages over Cusco's speculum in obstetrics
Indications in Obstetrics
Indications of Holding Posterior Lip of Cervix
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics BARD PARKER HANDLE WITH BLADES
Four. Miscellaneous uses:
Indications in Obstetrics
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Post Placental IUCD Insertion Forceps.
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Chapter forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Chapter Forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
SIMPSON'S SHORT FORCEPS (Fig. forty-seven point thirty-six)
LONG CURVED OBSTETRIC FORCEPS
Chapter forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
VACUUM EXTRACTOR OR VENTOUSE
AMNIOTOMY HOOK (HAMILTON'S)
INSTRUMENTS FOR DESTRUCTIVE OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS
Chapter forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
Indications for the Use of the Hook
DECAPITATION HOOK WITH KNIFE (JARDINE'S)
BLOND-HEIDLER DECAPITATION SAW
Section Twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
DUBOIS' EMBRYOTOMY SCISSORS
Anencephaly specimen Description of specimen
Specimen of hydrocephalic baby
Section Twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Chapter Forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
Specimen of hydatidiform mole
Identification and Description
Specimen of rupture uterus. Identification
Specimen of placenta of twin pregnancy.
Section Twelve. Miscellaneous and Current Topics.
Specimen of tubal ectopic gestation.
Chapter Forty-seven. Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests.
Velamentous insertion of cord.
Three. Obstetric Drugs and Spots.
Section Twelve. Miscellaneous and Current Topics.
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Chapter forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
CELSIUS TEMPERATURE SCALE
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Tests for reducing sugars
Collection of cord blood sample.
Collection of vaginal blood for fetal hemoglobin.
Chapter forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests.
Preparation of Operative Site in Patients
Clothing and Scrubbing of Doctors and Nurses
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Chapter forty-seven | Obstetric Instruments, Specimens, Drugs, Spots and Laboratory Tests
Fourteen. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Marking Pattern in Obstetrics and Gynecology in AIIMS, Final Examination
Chapter forty-eight | Theory and Practical Examination in Obstetrics
Sample Delhi University Paper OBSTETRICS INCLUDING SOCIAL OBSTETRICS
Sample AIIMS Paper Final MBBS Examination
OBSTETRIC INSTRUMENTS USUALLY KEPT IN EXAMINATION
Chapter forty-eight | Theory and Practical Examination in Obstetrics
Maternal Pelvis, Fetus and Foetal Skull
Sample cases in obstetrics
Anaemia in Pregnancy Case
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Examination General physical examination
Chapter forty-eight | Theory and Practical Examination in Obstetrics
Grips (Leopold's maneuvers):
Hypertension with Pregnancy
History of present illness Last Menstrual Period second October twenty twenty EDD ninth July twenty twenty-one POG thirty-four plus six weeks
Obstetric history Married for eleven years
Sample Case of Puerperium
Section twelve | Miscellaneous and Current Topics
Objective Structured Clinical Examination
Chapter forty-eight | Theory and Practical Examination in Obstetrics
Postgraduate M D or M S or D N B examination in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Paper one: Anatomy and Physiology in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Paper three: Obstetrics including Neonatology
A I I M S (New Delhi) is slightly different
D N B (Diploma of National Board of Examinations)
DELHI AND MOST OTHER UNIVERSITIES
Two. Obstetric short case (Puerperium, normal, abnormal or cesarean case)
Four. Obstetric Viva: Doll and Dummy, forceps, ventouse, obstetric specimen, obstetric drugs, instruments.
AIIMS: There are four examiners (two external, two internal)
Two. Gynecology long case
Four. Gynecology short case
DIPLOMA IN GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS (DGO) EXAMINATION OF VARIOUS UNIVERSITIES