MICRO PROPAGATION ON STRAWBERRY: A REVIEW

MICRO PROPAGATION ON STRAWBERRY: A REVIEW

Abstract. The fruit crop known as strawberries, Fragaria ananassa, produces maximum revenues in the quickest period of time. It is the diet's richest source of the vitamins and minerals needed for human health. The major method of growing strawberries is by runners, which produce susceptible-to-disease plants. Plantlets produced using in vitro micropropagation are free of disease and can be used for further culture. Using MS media supplemented with three to four percent sugar, zero point seven five to one percent agar, and an adequate combination of plant growth hormones, such as six-benzyladenine, NAA, IBA, and kinetin, shoot cultures can be grown from shoot tips. Strawberry explants have been cleaned, multiplied into shoots, rooted, and ex vitro acclimated as part of a routine regeneration technique. The difficulties in getting better-quality plants and their higher endurance rate during ex vitro acclimatization can be greatly reduced by in vitro micropropagation. The Culture of Tissue Laboratory, a division of Ain Shams University's Faculty of Agriculture in Egypt, is where the study was conducted. This work's main goal was to determine whether using runners as meristem cultures to micropropagate strawberry cultivars Festival and Marquez is a feasible approach. This was done while testing various gibberellic acid concentrations, zero point one, zero point two, zero point three, zero point four, and zero point five megagrams per liter, during the multiplication phase. It was discovered that zero point four megagrams per liter of GA3 produced the greatest number of shoots each organ transplant and each shoot's leaves, whereas zero point five megagrams per liter was the most effective focal point for growing buds.

Introduction

Small plant tissue samples, or explants, are cultivated in a controlled laboratory setting as part of the plant propagation process known as micropropagation, sometimes called tissue culture or in vitro propagation. This method enables the rapid multiplication of plants, generation of virus-free and genetically uniform specimens, and the productivity of large numbers of offspring with desirable traits. Micropropagation is commonly used in agriculture, horticulture, and the cultivation of valuable or rare plant species. Originally thriving in subtropical areas, the strawberry, or Fragaria x ananassa Duch, has recently spread to tropical nations like Indonesia. The Fragaria genus in the Rosaceae family includes this strawberry, which is a highly prized fruit crop and a perennial stoloniferous herb. Developed almost three hundred years ago in Europe by crossing Fragaria virginiana with Fragaria chiloensis, the octaploid hybrid Fragaria X ananassa is largely responsible for the world's most popular berry crop, strawberries. Strawberries are known for their vivid red color, unique scent, and distinctive liquid consistency. Strawberries are usually eaten fresh or processed in meals like ice cream, milk shakes, and preserved fruit juice. They are also used as dried fruit in various parts of the world. Artificial strawberry fragrance is also widely used in many manufactured food products. Strawberries contain high concentrations of most essential nutrients for human health, such as protein, calcium, potassium, iron, copper, and vitamin

C. Since strawberry genetic engineering has already been reported, they are essential for genetic engineering and transformation genes. The color, flavor, size, shape, level of fertility, fruit shelf life, ripening season, resistance to disease, and nutritional content of strawberry cultivars vary. Additionally, it contains large levels of ellagic acid, which may have anti-carcinogenic effects. It produced on five million six thousand acres in seventy-one countries worldwide. Roughly twenty strawberry species have been identified in five chromosome groupings, seven is the number of chromosomes: ten diploids, four tetraploids, one pentaploid, one hexaploid, and four octaploids. Its remarkable environmental adaptation is demonstrated by its ability to withstand circumstances seen in temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical, and taiga zones. Runners are commonly used in vegetative reproduction of strawberries to produce true-to-type plants. A significant number of runners and suitable planting stock are necessary for the successful planting of strawberries. There are numerous combinations of plant growth regulators that can be used to propagate strawberries, either by runner/nodal segments or by runner tips in vitro micropropagation. It has been demonstrated that the in vitro method of micropropagating strawberry plants from nodal cuttings is successful. This technique makes it possible to produce vast quantities of plants quickly and efficiently from a single human in a constrained amount of time and area. Tissue culture permits bulk multiplication in a short length of time by direct or indirect regeneration, with plants created in vitro having greater yield, vigour, pest resistance, and numbers of runners and leaves per plant compared to conventionally propagated plants. In nineteen seventy-four, Boxus released the first study on the in vitro production of strawberries. Numerous media types, explants, genotypes, and plant growth regulators have been employed since then. Hormones, vitamins, amino acids, and the physical state of the medium were all found to play a role in strawberry micropropagation over time. Importing mother plants comes at a steep expense. There are no healthy stocks available for use in conventional propagation methods. It was thought that several plants may be produced from a small number of mother plants in less than a year by employing the tissue culture approach. In the case that new cultivars are introduced, this approach is useful. Strawberries can be multiplied using runners or in vitro micropropagation. Strawberry branches and runners are not always the best for this type of culture because disease agents are emotionally sensitive. Strawberry micropropagation has been shown to successfully generate a sizable number of disease-free plants, beginning with runners. Tissue-grown propagules also require less storage space than standard runner plants, and in vitro storage can begin at any stage of the production cycle. The introduction of micropropagated strawberry plants has prevented the bulk of diseases that are transmissible through plants and soil. Nodal cuttings cultivated in vitro have been used to successfully micropropagate strawberry plants. The extensive rooting mechanism of strawberry cv. micro shoots in vitro is influenced by plant growth regulators. Charlie, age thirty-one, Sweet. Using a range of explants, such as leaves, sepals, petioles, and nodes, plant tissue culture technique has been extensively used to successfully grow strawberries. However, in vitro meristem culture with runner tips is the most effective method for cultivating virus-free strawberry plants once more. Auxins and cytokinins are two examples of plant growth regulators that are introduced to the culture media to regulate the morphogenesis and organogenesis of explants produced in vitro. One advantage of propagation in vitro is the capacity to generate an enormous amount of plants with an elevated rate of replication. In vitro techniques enable improved germplasm, clonal multiplication, and gene conservation of fruit quality and nutritional content. In vitro microreproduction, cytokinins abolish apical dominance and promote the initiation of axillary buds and shoots. The hormonal regulation of plant growth and development depends on cytokinins. Plants have an efficient system in place to maintain the natural level of physiologically active cytokinin forms. When exogenous cytokinins are given to nutritional media, the apical meristem and the group of micro-shoots simultaneously form.