MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

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CHAPTER Five

In the previous chapter, you have learnt the inheritance patterns and the genetic basis of such patterns. At the time of Mendel, the nature of those 'factors' regulating the pattern of inheritance was not clear. Over the next hundred years, the nature of the putative genetic material was investigated culminating in the realisation that DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - is the genetic material, at least for the majority of organisms. In class Eleven you have learnt that nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acids found in living systems. DNA acts as the genetic material in most of the organisms. RNA though it also acts as a genetic material in some viruses, mostly functions as a messenger. RNA has additional roles as well. It functions as adapter, structural, and in some cases as a catalytic molecule. In Class Eleven you have already learnt the structures of nucleotides and the way these monomer units are linked to form nucleic acid polymers. In this chapter we are going to discuss the structure of DNA, its replication, the process of making RNA from DNA (transcription), the genetic code that determines the sequences of amino acids in proteins, the process of protein synthesis (translation) and elementary basis of their regulation. The determination of complete nucleotide sequence of human genome during last decade has set in a new era of genomics. In the last section, the essentials of human genome sequencing and its consequences will also be discussed.

Let us begin our discussion by first understanding the structure of the most interesting molecule in the living system, that is, the DNA. In subsequent sections, we will understand that why it is the most abundant genetic material, and what its relationship is with RNA.

Five point one. THE DNA

DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. The length of DNA is usually defined as number of nucleotides (or a pair of nucleotide referred to as base pairs) present in it. This also is the characteristic of an organism. For example, a bacteriophage known as lambda has five thousand three hundred eighty-six nucleotides, Bacteriophage lambda has forty-eight thousand five hundred two base pairs, Escherichia coli has four point six times ten to the power of six base pairs, and haploid content of human DNA is three point three times ten to the power of nine base pairs. Let us discuss the structure of such a long polymer.

Five point one point one. Structure of Polynucleotide Chain

The salient features of the Double-helix structure of DNA are as follows:

Five point one point two. Packaging of DNA Helix

5.2 THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC MATERIAL

Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle

Five point two point one The Genetic Material is DNA

Five point two point two Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA)

Five point three RNA WORLD

Five point four point one The Experimental Proof

Five point four point two The Machinery and the Enzymes

Five point five. Transcription

Five point five point one. Transcription Unit

Five point five point two. Transcription Unit and the Gene

Five point five point three. Types of RNA and the process of Transcription

Five point six GENETIC CODE

Five point six point one Mutations and Genetic Code

Five point six point two tRNA- the Adapter Molecule

Five point seven translation

Five point eight regulation of gene expression

Five point eight point one the lac operon

Five point nine HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

Goals of HGP

Five point nine point one Salient Features of Human Genome

Five point nine point two Applications and Future Challenges

Five point ten. DNA FINGERPRINTING

SUMMARY

Overview

The chapter delves into the molecular basis of inheritance, emphasizing DNA's role as the genetic material and exploring related processes such as transcription and translation. It also reflects on the historical discoveries that shaped our understanding of genetics.

Key Points

1DNA is the primary genetic material in most organisms
2The chapter explains the structure and function of nucleotides and polynucleotide chains
3Key discoveries by scientists elucidated the double helix model of DNA
4The document outlines the processes of transcription and translation in protein synthesis
5It discusses the implications of human genome sequencing and its impact on genetics.

Details

Category: Health and Medicine

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