PARASITOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY

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PARASITOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY Definition of Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship where the parasite depends on the host for survival at the host's expense.

Possible Outcomes:

Parasite fails to establish

Host eliminates the infection

Host damaged by its own overactive immune response Host death

Parasitology: Study of organisms that depend on other living organisms. Medical Parasitology: Focuses on human parasites and their medical significance.

Tropical Medicine: Branch dealing with diseases endemic in tropical regions (mostly parasitic).

A. Anatomic Physiology of Parasitic Infection

A one. Host-Parasite Relationship (Adaptation)

Specialized Mechanisms:

A two. Effects of the Parasite on the Host

A three. Effects of the Host on the Parasite

B. Immunology of Parasitic Infections

B one. Host-Parasite Interactions (Natural Barriers)

B two. Protection of Parasites

B three. Protection of the Host

B four. Second Host Defense

B five. Host Immune Response

B six. Parasite Evasion Mechanisms

B seven. Adverse Effects of Immune Response (Hypersensitivity)

C. Signs and Symptoms

D. Treatment

E. Vaccination

PARASITOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY One. BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Two. CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES

IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS

Two. Possible Outcomes of Host-Parasite Interaction

Three. HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS (First Line Defense)

Examples and Evasion by Parasites

Chemical Barriers

Body Fluids

Physiologic Functions

Three point two SECOND HOST DEFENSE

Four. HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE A. Innate Immune Response

B. Acquired Immune Response

Five. ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSE MECHANISMS

Five point two. Cell-Mediated Immunity Examples:

Five point three. Humoral Immunity (Antibodies):

Five point four. Other Antibody Actions:

Nucleus, cytoplasm, outer membrane, organelles.

Trophozoite: Vegetative, motile, feeding stage.

A one. Classification by Phasmids:

B one. General Characteristics:

B two. Comparison of Medically Important Orders:

B three. Modes of Infection:

C. TREMATODES (Flukes)

C two. Classification by Habitat:

C three. Egg Development:

D one. General Characteristics:

D two. Effects on Human Health:

Five. LIFE CYCLE

DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Philippines:

Animal Hookworms (Humans - Cutaneous Larva Migrans):

One. General Overview

Two. PARASITE BIOLOGY

Parasitic Female

Free-living Female

Free-living Male

Parasitic Male

Three. Larval Stages

Rhabditiform Larva

Filariform Larva (Infective)

Five. LIFE CYCLE

Five point two Parasitic Cycle (Human)

Five point three Autoinfection

Six. PATHOGENESIS and CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Three Phases of Acute Infection

Symptoms

Seven. Severity of Infection

Eight. Chronic Strongyloidiasis

Nine. Complications

LIFE CYCLE

Egg Survival:

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Pathology

Important Considerations:

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Transmission:

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Capillaria philippinensis (intestinal capillariasis)

One. PARASITE BIOLOGY

Adult Morphology

Female

Length

Both Sexes

More than one billion at risk (eighty plus countries)

Epidemiology (Philippines)

Trichinella spiralis Overview

One. Species Infecting Humans

Trichinella spiralis spiralis

Trichinella spiralis nativa

Trichinella spiralis nelsoni

Two. Adult Morphology

Female

Reproductive Organs

Three. Larva

Four. Habitat

Five. Hosts (Final and Intermediate)

Six. Life Cycle

Seven. Clinical Manifestations

One. Intestinal Phase (Adults)

Two. Muscle Invasion Phase (Larvae)

Three. Convalescent Phase

Eight. Diagnosis

Nine. Treatment

Non-life-threatening

Life-threatening

Ten. Prevention and Control

Ten. Algorithm for the diagnosis of the probability of acute trichinellosis in humans

SYMPTOMS

ANISAKIS SPP.

Three. Clinical Manifestation

Four. Diagnosis

Five. Treatment

Dracunculus medinensis

Visceral Larva Migrans

Toxocara canis - Dog Ascarid Toxocara cati - Cat Ascarid

CUTANEOUS LARVA

Treatment

FILARIAL NEMATODES

Clinical Manifestations

TREMATODE

One. GENERAL FEATURES

Two. CERCARIAL SERIES

Three. DIAGNOSTIC STAGE

Four. HABITAT

One. Schistosoma mansoni - Manson's blood fluke

Egg Morphology

DIAGNOSIS

IMMUNODIAGNOSIS FOR SCHISTOSOMA SPECIES (TREMATODES)

Laboratory Diagnosis

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Intermediate Host

Second Intermediate Host

Paragonimus westermani

EGG MORPHOLOGY

ADULT

Adult Worm Morphology (Paragonimus westermani)

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS Disease Names:

Pathophysiology:

Neurologic Condition (Cerebral Paragonimiasis):

Other Manifestations:

Fasciolopsis buski

Adult Characteristics of Fasciolopsis buski

TREATMENT

Echinostoma ilocanum

Heterophyes heterophyes

Egg Morphology (Heterophyes heterophyes)

Adult Worm Morphology (Heterophyes heterophyes)

Fasciola hepatica

Symptoms include:

DIAGNOSIS Fascioliasis

TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS Fascioliasis

TREATMENT: Praziquantel, bithionol, triclabendazole EPIDEMIOLOGY Fascioliasis

Chinese liver fluke

One. Onchocerca volvulus

Two. Loa Loa

Three. Mansonella

SPECIMEN COLLECTION

Labeling:

C one. Direct Fecal Smear

C two. Kato Thick Smear

C three. Concentration Techniques

Sedimentation Methods:

C four. Stool Culture Methods

Method

Copro Culture

Purpose: Assess intensity of infection (worm burden) and drug efficacy.

Kato-Katz

Stoll Egg Count

C six. Staining of Stool Specimen

D. PERIANAL SWAB

Fecal Occult Blood Test: Guaiac pad plus hydrogen peroxide reacts to form pseudoperoxidase, resulting in a blue color and screens for colorectal cancer.

F one. Finger-Prick Method

Preparation

Wet/Fresh

Thick Film

Thin Film

Stains:

Features

Capillary Tube Methods:

F two. Venous Blood Concentration

Use

One milliliter blood plus ten milliliters two percent formalin; centrifuge.

Membrane Filtration

G-H. EXAMINATION OF SPUTUM

H one. Macroscopic Exam

H two. Microscopic Exam

Parasites Found: Trichomonas vaginalis, Wuchereria bancrofti (chyluric samples), Schistosoma haematobium eggs.

J. EXAMINATION OF TISSUE ASPIRATES

K. EXAMINATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Parasites Found:

L. EXAMINATION OF TISSUE BIOPSY MATERIAL L one. Muscle Biopsy

· L two. Rectal Biopsy

Overview

The document introduces key concepts in parasitology, including types of parasitic relationships, effects on hosts, and human immune responses to parasitic infections. It aims to inform readers about the significance of parasites and their impact on health.

Key Points

1Parasitism involves a host-dependent relationship detrimental to the host
2Parasitic infections can cause severe health issues, including anemia and organ damage
3Host immune responses are crucial but can also be harmful to the host
4Understanding biological relationships helps in classifying parasites effectively
5Public health measures are essential for the prevention and management of parasitic diseases

Details

Category: Health and Medicine

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