PARASITOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY Definition of Parasitism
A. Anatomic Physiology of Parasitic Infection
A one. Host-Parasite Relationship (Adaptation)
A two. Effects of the Parasite on the Host
A three. Effects of the Host on the Parasite
B. Immunology of Parasitic Infections
B one. Host-Parasite Interactions (Natural Barriers)
B two. Protection of Parasites
B three. Protection of the Host
B four. Second Host Defense
B five. Host Immune Response
B six. Parasite Evasion Mechanisms
B seven. Adverse Effects of Immune Response (Hypersensitivity)
PARASITOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY One. BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Two. CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES
IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS
Two. Possible Outcomes of Host-Parasite Interaction
Three. HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS (First Line Defense)
Examples and Evasion by Parasites
Three point two SECOND HOST DEFENSE
Four. HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE A. Innate Immune Response
B. Acquired Immune Response
Five. ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSE MECHANISMS
Five point two. Cell-Mediated Immunity Examples:
Five point three. Humoral Immunity (Antibodies):
Five point four. Other Antibody Actions:
Nucleus, cytoplasm, outer membrane, organelles.
Trophozoite: Vegetative, motile, feeding stage.
A one. Classification by Phasmids:
B one. General Characteristics:
B two. Comparison of Medically Important Orders:
B three. Modes of Infection:
C two. Classification by Habitat:
C three. Egg Development:
D one. General Characteristics:
D two. Effects on Human Health:
Animal Hookworms (Humans - Cutaneous Larva Migrans):
Filariform Larva (Infective)
Five point two Parasitic Cycle (Human)
Five point three Autoinfection
Six. PATHOGENESIS and CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Three Phases of Acute Infection
Seven. Severity of Infection
Eight. Chronic Strongyloidiasis
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Important Considerations:
Capillaria philippinensis (intestinal capillariasis)
More than one billion at risk (eighty plus countries)
Epidemiology (Philippines)
Trichinella spiralis Overview
One. Species Infecting Humans
Trichinella spiralis spiralis
Trichinella spiralis nativa
Trichinella spiralis nelsoni
Five. Hosts (Final and Intermediate)
Seven. Clinical Manifestations
One. Intestinal Phase (Adults)
Two. Muscle Invasion Phase (Larvae)
Three. Convalescent Phase
Ten. Prevention and Control
Ten. Algorithm for the diagnosis of the probability of acute trichinellosis in humans
Three. Clinical Manifestation
Toxocara canis - Dog Ascarid Toxocara cati - Cat Ascarid
One. Schistosoma mansoni - Manson's blood fluke
IMMUNODIAGNOSIS FOR SCHISTOSOMA SPECIES (TREMATODES)
Adult Worm Morphology (Paragonimus westermani)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS Disease Names:
Neurologic Condition (Cerebral Paragonimiasis):
Adult Characteristics of Fasciolopsis buski
Egg Morphology (Heterophyes heterophyes)
Adult Worm Morphology (Heterophyes heterophyes)
TREATMENT: DIAGNOSIS Fascioliasis
TREATMENT: Praziquantel, bithionol, triclabendazole EPIDEMIOLOGY Fascioliasis
C one. Direct Fecal Smear
C three. Concentration Techniques
C four. Stool Culture Methods
Purpose: Assess intensity of infection (worm burden) and drug efficacy.
C six. Staining of Stool Specimen
Fecal Occult Blood Test: Guaiac pad plus hydrogen peroxide reacts to form pseudoperoxidase, resulting in a blue color and screens for colorectal cancer.
F one. Finger-Prick Method
F two. Venous Blood Concentration
One milliliter blood plus ten milliliters two percent formalin; centrifuge.
G-H. EXAMINATION OF SPUTUM
Parasites Found: Trichomonas vaginalis, Wuchereria bancrofti (chyluric samples), Schistosoma haematobium eggs.
J. EXAMINATION OF TISSUE ASPIRATES
K. EXAMINATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) Parasites Found:
L. EXAMINATION OF TISSUE BIOPSY MATERIAL L one. Muscle Biopsy