Plant Structure and Function in Relation to Respiration and Lipid Metabolism

Chapter

Plant Cells

THE TERM CELL IS DERIVED from the Latin cella, meaning storeroom or chamber. It was first used in biology in sixteen sixty-five by the English botanist Robert Hooke to describe the individual units of the honeycomb-like structure he observed in cork under a compound microscope. The "cells" Hooke observed were actually the empty lumens of dead cells surrounded by cell walls, but the term is an apt one because cells are the basic building blocks that define plant structure.

This book will emphasize the physiological and biochemical functions of plants, but it is important to recognize that these functions depend on structures, whether the process is gas exchange in the leaf, water conduction in the xylem, photosynthesis in the chloroplast, or ion transport across the plasma membrane. At every level, structure and function represent different frames of reference of a biological unity.

This chapter provides an overview of the basic anatomy of plants, from the organ level down to the ultrastructure of cellular organelles. In subsequent chapters we will treat these structures in greater detail from the perspective of their physiological functions in the plant life cycle.

PLANT LIFE: UNIFYING PRINCIPLES

The spectacular diversity of plant size and form is familiar to everyone. Plants range in size from less than one centimeter tall to greater than one hundred meters. Plant morphology, or shape, is also surprisingly diverse. At first glance, the tiny plant duckweed (Lemna) seems to have little in common with a giant saguaro cactus or a redwood tree. Yet regardless of their specific adaptations, all plants carry out fundamentally similar processes and are based on the same architectural plan. We can summarize the major design elements of plants as follows:

As Earth's primary producers, green plants are the ultimate solar collectors. They harvest the energy of sunlight by converting light energy to chemical energy, which they store in bonds formed when they synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

Other than certain reproductive cells, plants are non-motile. As a substitute for motility, they have evolved the ability to grow toward essential resources, such as light, water, and mineral nutrients, throughout their life span.

Terrestrial plants are structurally reinforced to support their mass as they grow toward sunlight against the pull of gravity.

Terrestrial plants lose water continuously by evaporation and have evolved mechanisms for avoiding desiccation.

Terrestrial plants have mechanisms for moving water and minerals from the soil to the sites of photosynthesis and growth, as well as mechanisms for moving the products of photosynthesis to nonphotosynthetic organs and tissues.