Principles of Mammalian Physiology Two: Renal Physiology

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PHGY two hundred sixteen PRINCIPLES OF MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY TWO

HEALTH SCIENCES

MODULE ZERO FOUR RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Please note: This course was designed to be interacted and engaged with using the online modules. This Module Companion Guide is a resource created to complement the online slides. If there is a discrepancy between this guide and the online module, please refer to the module.

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INTRODUCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES

MODULE ASSIGNMENTS

ASSIGNMENT: TERM REPORT

ASSIGNMENT: CASE STUDY DISCUSSION BOARD SERIES

SECTION ZERO ONE: INTRODUCTION TO RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND WATER BALANCE

Assigned Readings:

CONCEPT OF WATER BALANCE

Intracellular Fluid

Extracellular Fluid

Definition:

BARRIERS BETWEEN BODY-FLUID COMPARTMENTS

Barriers between the plasma and the interstitial fluid

Barriers between the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid volume and osmolality

Extracellular fluid volume

Extracellular fluid osmolality

Control of extracellular fluid volume

Short-term Control Factors

Fluid Shifts

Long-term Control Factors

STUDY TIPS & TOOLS

Definition:

CONTROL OF SALT

Salt Input

Salt Output

QUESTION: CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY

Definition:

HYPOTONICITY

Renal Failure

Rapid Water Ingestion

Over Secretion of Vasopressin

CLINICAL APPLICATION

QUESTION: HYPERTONICITY

Feedback:

QUESTION: ISOTONIC FLUIDS

Feedback:

REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE

QUESTION: SHORT-TERM VS. LONG-TERM CONTROL OF THE ECF VOLUME

Baroreceptor reflex:

SECTION TWO: OVERVIEW OF THE KIDNEYS

THE KIDNEYS

KIDNEY STRUCTURE

THE NEPHRON

The Vascular Component - Refer to pages eighteen to nineteen

THE VASCULAR COMPONENT

THE TUBULAR COMPONENT

TYPES OF NEPHRONS

Cortical Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

QUESTION: THE FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE NEPHRON

Feedback:

THE BASIC RENAL PROCESSES

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption

Tubular Secretion

STUDY TIPS & TOOLS

QUESTION: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY

QUESTION: COMPARING TYPES OF NEPHRONS

SECTION ZERO THREE: GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

THE GLOMERULUS

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

FORCES THAT REGULATE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure

Plasma-Colloid Oncotic Pressure

Bowman's Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

QUESTION: UNCONTROLLED INFLUENCES ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

CONTROLLED CHANGES IN THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

AUTOREGULATION

Myogenic Activity - Refer to pages twenty-six to twenty-seven

MYOGENIC ACTIVITY

QUESTION: AUTOREGULATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

SYMPATHETIC CONTROL OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

THE KIDNEYS AND CARDIAC OUTPUT

QUESTION: SYMPATHETIC CONTROL OF GFR

Three. Arterial Blood Pressure

Five. ?

Seven. Afferent Arteriolar Vasoconstriction

Nine. GFR

SECTION FOUR: TUBULAR REABSORPTION

TUBULAR REABSORPTION TWO

THE FATE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES FILTERED BY THE KIDNEYS

TRANSEPITHELIAL TRANSPORT

THE STEPS OF TRANSEPITHELIAL TRANSPORT

LOCATIONS OF SODIUM REABSORPTION

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

The distal and collecting tubules

PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM

QUESTION: TRANSEPITHELIAL TRANSPORT

RENIN AND SODIUM

ACTIONS OF ALDOSTERONE

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE

ACTIVELY REABSORBED SUBSTANCES

PHOSPHATE AND THE KIDNEYS

GLUCOSE AND THE KIDNEYS

QUESTION: GLUCOSE AND THE KIDNEYS

CHLORIDE, WATER, AND UREA

SECTION ZERO FIVE: TUBULAR SECRETION

TUBULAR SECRETION Two

HYDROGEN ION SECRETION

POTASSIUM ION SECRETION

QUESTION: POTASSIUM ION SECRETION

CONTROL OF POTASSIUM SECRETION

Effect of Hydrogen secretion

SECRETION OF ORGANIC ANIONS AND CATIONS

Increasing Excretion

Excrete Poorly Soluble Organic Ions

Removal of Foreign Compounds

QUESTION: TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PROXIMAL AND DISTAL NEPHRON

SECTION ZERO SIX: PLASMA CLEARANCE AND URINE EXCRETION

PLASMA CLEARANCE

TYPES OF PLASMA CLEARANCE

FILTERED, NOT REABSORBED

FILTERED, SECRETED, NOT REABSORBED

QUESTION: PLASMA CLEARANCE

THE KIDNEYS AND URINE CONCENTRATION

QUESTION: HOW THE KIDNEYS USE THE VERTICAL OSMOTIC GRADIENT

Cortical

THE MEDULLARY VERTICAL OSMOTIC GRADIENT

MECHANISM OF COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLICATION

COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE

WATER REABSORPTION

Osmotic Diuresis

Water Diuresis

URINE STORAGE

The Bladder

The Internal Urethral Sphincter

The External Urethral Sphincter

MICTURITION (URINATION) REFLEX

Micturition Reflex

Voluntary Control

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Overview

The guide provides comprehensive resources for understanding the role of the kidneys in homeostasis, particularly in regulating electrolyte balance, fluid volume, and waste elimination. It also includes learning outcomes and assignments to evaluate foundational knowledge in systems physiology.

Key Points

1The kidneys are crucial for regulating electrolyte composition and volume
2Understanding osmotic gradients is key to urine concentration
3Students will engage with assessments to enhance learning
4The module emphasizes the importance of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis
5Various assignments will assess understanding and application of renal physiology concepts

Details

Category: Health and Medicine

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