One. Thinking About Development
Continuity and Discontinuity
Universal and Context-Specific Development
Basic Forces in Human Development
The Biopsychosocial Framework
Neuroscience and Development
Two. Developmental Theories
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Behaviourism and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Information-Processing Theory
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Approach
Ecological and Systems Approach
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
Competence-Environmental Press Theory
Key Features of the Life-Span Perspective
Selective Optimisation with Compensation
Three. Doing Developmental Research
Measurement in Developmental Research
Self-Reports and Physiological Measures
Communicating Research and Social Policy
Chapter three Study Notes
Three point one The Newborn
Reflexes and Nervous System Assessment
Assessing the Newborn: The Apgar Score
The Newborn's Behavioural States
Parent Responses to Crying
Three point two. Physical Development
Strategies to Encourage Healthy Eating
The Vicious Cycle of Malnutrition
The Emerging Nervous System
Development of the Nervous System
Three point three. Moving and Grasping: Early Motor Skills
Perception and Locomotion
Cultural Influences on Motor Development
Grasping and Hand Coordination
Three point four Coming to Know the World: Perception
Cues for Depth Perception
Integrating Sensory Information
Three point five Becoming Self-Aware
Mirror recognition is one of the earliest signs of self-recognition and self-awareness.
Development of Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind and Development
Important Chapter Connections
Chapter Four Comprehensive Study Notes
Four point one. The Onset of Thinking: Piaget's Account
Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Period
Strengths and Criticisms of Piaget's Theory
Four point two. Information Processing During Infancy and Early Childhood
Mental Hardware and Mental Software
Four point three. Mind and Culture: Vygotsky's Theory
The Zone of Proximal Development
Four point four. Language
Individual Differences in Early Language
Communicating with Others
Chapter seven Comprehensive Study Notes
Seven point one. Family Relationships
Birth Order and Only Children
Similarity Between Friends
Aggression and Victimisation
Seven point four Understanding Others
Understanding What Others Think
Chapter nine Comprehensive Study Notes
Nine point one Identity and the Self
Erikson: Identity versus Role Confusion
Exploring Possible Identities
Illusion of Invulnerability
Sexuality and Romantic Relationships
Nine point two. Preparing for the World of Work
Holland's Personality Types
Social Cognitive Career Theory
Unemployment and Adolescents
Depression: Causes and Risk Factors
Depression in the South African Context
Racial Discrimination and Depression
Adolescent-Limited Antisocial Behaviour
Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behaviour
Reducing Criminal Activity
Resilience in South Africa
Problems During Adolescence
Chapter Ten Comprehensive Study Notes
Ten point one. Emerging Adulthood
Role Transitions Marking Adulthood
Neuroscience, Behaviour, and Emerging Adulthood
Erikson's View of Young Adulthood
Achieving Adult Milestones
Mature and Returning Students
Ten point two. Physical Development and Health
Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning
Lifestyle Factors and Health
Ten point three. Cognitive Development
Interindividual Variability
Structure of Intelligence
Primary and Secondary Mental Abilities
Crystallised Intelligence
The Seattle Longitudinal Study
Going Beyond Formal Operations
Characteristics of Postformal Thought
Integrating Emotion and Logic
Ten point four. Personality in Young Adulthood
Factors Influencing Life Stories
Personal control beliefs influence how people understand and respond to life events.
Physical Development and Health
Chapter twelve Comprehensive Study Notes
Twelve point one. Occupational Selection and Development
Occupational Choice Revisited
Twelve point two. Gender, Ethnicity, and Discrimination Issues
Women and Occupational Development
Previously Disadvantaged Employees
Twelve point three Occupational Transitions
Twelve point four Work and Family
The Dependent Care Dilemma
Twelve point five Taking Time to Relax: Leisure Activities
Types of Leisure Activities
Developmental Changes in Leisure
Consequences of Leisure Activities