d. Formed Elements VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY
f. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
b. Classification of Hormones
f. Gastrointestinal Hormones
h. Adrenal Gland Hormones
XVII. Reproductive Physiology
d. Endocrinology of the Male Reproductive System
f. Functions of the Ovary
i. Mechanism of Luteolysis
k. Hormones that Regulate Pregnancy and Parturition
m. Zootechnics of Reproduction
I. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
Cell membranes - Composed of lipid bilayer called phospholipids.
Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluids.
Estimation of Fluid Compartments
Interstitial Fluid Volume.
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes.
Osmolar Substances in Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids.
Four. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROCESSES.
Features of facilitated diffusion:
V Features of active transport.
Some specific transport mechanisms.
Non-electrolyte transport.
Transport of Macromolecules.
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis.
Movements of Electrolytes Across Membranes.
Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium.
Generation of Action Potential.
Communication between Nerve and Muscle Cells.
Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction.
Seven. Physiology of Muscle Contraction.
Proteins of the Contractile Elements.
Steps in Skeletal Muscle Contraction.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling.
Action Potential of Smooth Muscles.
Shortening and Force Development
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Functions of Plasma proteins
Sahli's Method of Hb determination
Haldane's method of Hb determination
Formation of Blood Cells (Hematopoiesis)
Bone Marrow are two types: Red and Yellow.
Hematopoietic Cells in the Bone Marrow
Two. Erythroid Stem Cells.
Regulation of Blood Clotting
One. Inhibition of Fibrin Formation
Nine. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Spread of Cardiac Impulse
Some key vascular components
Filterability of Substances by Glomerular Capillaries Based on Molecular Weight
Hormones and Autacoids That Influence Glomerular Filtration Rate
Countercurrent Multiplier System
Renal Control of Salt Balance
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Approximate Pressures and Vascular Resistances in the Circulation of a Normal Kidney
Summary of Tubule Characteristics-Urine Concentration
feedback mechanism for regulating extracellular fluid osmolarity in response to a water deficit.
Regulation of ADH Secretion
Factors That Can Alter Potassium Distribution Between the Intra- and Extracellular Fluid
Factors That Alter Renal Calcium Excretion
Renal Acid-Base Imbalances
pH and H+ Concentration of Body Fluids
Factors That Increase or Decrease H+ Secretion and HCO3 Reabsorption by the Renal Tubules
Metabolic Acidosis Associated with Normal or Increased Plasma Anion Gap
Eleven. Respiratory Physiology
Physical Aspects of Breathing, Ventilation, and Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Abbreviations and Symbols for Pulmonary Function
Partial Pressures of Respiratory Gases as They Enter and Leave the Lungs, at Sea Level
Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation (Saturation) Curve
Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance of the Blood
Organization of the respiratory center
Twelve. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Characteristics of Neurotransmitters
Small-Molecule, Rapidly Acting Transmitters
Mechanisms of receptor potentials:
Neuropeptide, Slowly Acting Transmitters or Growth Factors
Classification of Sensory Receptors
Principal efferent tracts from the cerebellum.
Integration of the many parts of the total motor control system: synopsis of the different levels of control
Autonomic Effects on Various Organs of the Body
Determination of loudness
Transmission of taste signals into the central nervous system.
Layers of GI Tract - Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
Gastrointestinal hormones (Gastrin, Ghrelin, Secretin, CCK, GIP).
Daily Secretion of Intestinal Juices
Lipids (not water soluble; must be transformed prior to absorption).
Bilirubin Formation and Excretion
Neurotransmitters and Hormones That Influence Feeding and Satiety Centers in the Hypothalamus
Components of energy expenditure.
Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
Tyrosine derivatives - account for about five percent of mammalian hormones
Mechanism of Hormone Secretion
Two. Peptide Hormone Action
Some Hormones That Use the Adenylyl Cyclase-CAMP Second Messenger System
Two. Release-Inhibiting Hormones
One. Adenohypophyseal Hormones
c. Pro-opiomelanocortin peptide family
Two. Neurohypophyseal Hormones
a. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Endocrine Glands, Hormones, and Their Functions and Structure
Cells and Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland and Their Physiological Functions
Regulation of thyroid secretion.
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Three. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones
B. Parathyroid hormone or parathormone (PTH)
C. Calcium Homeostasis One. Calcium
Three types of hormone according to their effects
Mechanism for regulation of glucocorticoid secretion.
VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Physiology Supplement Materials.
Effects: One. Metabolism.
Three. Respiratory system.
Four. Sympathoadrenal activity and stress.
VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Physiology Supplement Materials.
VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Physiology Supplement Materials.
Physiology of Male Reproductive Organs.
Cells of Leydig equals interstitial cells.
Functions of Androgens: To affect the development, growth, and maintenance of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Physiology Supplement Materials.
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics.
Secondary Sex Characteristics:
Some Androgen Target Organs: However, some effects typically attributed to androgens may actually be due to estrogen.
Endocrinology of the Male Reproductive System.
VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Physiology Supplement Materials
Endocrinology of the Male Reproductive System
a. Follicle stimulating hormone
Control of LH and FSH secretion A. tonic episodic system
Hormones that Regulate Pregnancy and Parturition
Hormone Regulation during parturition
Development of mammary gland, initiation and maintenance of lactation
Zootechnics of Reproduction
a. Anatomy of Female Reproductive System One. Ovary