Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review Supplemental Materials
Three. Clinical Pathology
b. Laboratory Examination of Digestive System
d. Pathology and Laboratory Examination of Endocrine System
Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
Causes of Cellular Injury
Two. Physical agents including trauma, heat, cold, radiation and electric shock
Four. Infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi etc.
Six. Genetic derangements
Stages in the cellular response to stress and injurious stimuli.
Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
c. Cellular and Tissue Responses to Injury
TYPES OF INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS:
Mechanisms for the lesion:
Two. Fatty Infiltration (or fatty replacement)
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SPECIFIC TYPES OF EXTRACELLULAR DEGENERATION CHANGES
5. Corpora amylacea - circular, laminated concretions found in glandular tissue or freely on secretions.
Gross indicators/characteristics of necrosis The gross indications of necrosis are:
Cellular Characteristic of Necrosis Microscopic indicators:
Four types of nuclear changes may occur;
2) Liquefactive or liquefaction necrosis)
3) Caseous or Caseation Necrosis
There are two types of gangrene: A. Dry gangrene
2. INFARCTION (Ischemic Necrosis)
3. Zenker's Necrosis (Zenker's degeneration)
Other Terms Used In Association With Necrosis
1. Erosion - shallow area of necrosis confined to epidermis.
3. Slough - a piece of necrotic tissue separating from viable tissue. Applied to necrosis of surface epithelia.
1. Malacia - an area of liquefactive necrosis of the nervous tissues. Literally means "softening".
2) METASTATIC CALCIFICATION-
ENZYMES RELEASED IN INJURED TISSUES:
1. Alanine transaminase, previously known as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
1. Lactic dehydrogenase (LHD)
3. Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
Adaptive changes in epithelium
d. Types of Post-Mortem Changes
Terms used in reference to post-mortem conditions:
Other post-mortem changes:
Pathological Pigmentation
2) ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTATION- ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
3. HEMOGLOBIN AND PORPHYRIN
f. Disturbance in Circulation
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LESIONS THAT MAY INDICATE SHOCK 1. Congestive Atelectasis
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Inflammation ADVANTAGES
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
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C. Arachidonic acid metabolite
Classification of Inflammatory Lesions
KEY FEATURES TO CHRONICITY
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V M L E Review Systems Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
The Nomenclature of a Morphologic Diagnosis i. Immunopathology
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TYPE FOUR HYPERSENSITIVITY: Delayed type hypersensitivity
DTH yields a classic response
Eosinophilic Granulomas of Domestic Animals
Stimuli that Affect the Activation Status of Macrophages
Temporal phases of wound healing.
PROTEINASES THAT DEGRADE ECM PROTEINS:
Summary of Mast Cell Mediators and Their Actions
I. FORMS OF DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
Two Acquired Defects/Anomalies
Hypertrophy - is an increase in tissue resulting from an increase in the size of individual cells.
Two main theories of aging
K. Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
CLASSIFICATION OF NEOPLASM
Tumor Nomenclature-Cont'd
GROSS DESCRIPTION OF TUMORS
Microscopic Descriptions:
Terminologies for sarcomas:
SPREAD OF TUMORS: INVASION AND METASTASIS
METHODS OF TUMOR DIAGNOSIS
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3. DNA Probe Analysis and DNA Flow Cytometry Comparison between Benign and Malignant Neoplasm
ETIOLOGY OR CAUSES OF TUMORS
Cancer Susceptibility in Dogs
Oncogenic Viruses of Animals
FUNGI generally cause disease by:
TOXINS or POISONS generally produce disease by:
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CYSTS AND SINUSES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
ESOPHAGUS Congenital megaesophagus
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DISEASES OF THE MOUTH IN LARGE ANIMALS
Left or Right Displaced Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus
Hepatic Disease in Large Animals
Idiopathic Acute Hepatic Disease
Acute Hepatic Necrosis in Cattle
Clinical Findings and Lesions:
Chemical and Drug-related Causes of Toxic Hepatopathy
Miscellaneous Chemicals and Drugs Associated with Hepatotoxicity:
Cholelithiasis, Hepatolithiasis
Etiology and Epidemiology:
Hyperlipemia and Hepatic Lipidosis in Horses, Donkeys, and Camelids
Clinical Findings and Lesions:
Right Hepatic Lobe Atrophy in Horses
Primary Hyperammonemia of Adult Horses
Clinical Findings and Lesions:
Hyperammonemia of Morgan Weanlings
Intestinal Diseases in Cattle
Clinical Findings and Lesions:
Intestinal Diseases in Sheep and Goats
Watery Mouth Disease in Lambs (Slavery mouth, Slavers, Rattle belly) Etiology and Pathogenesis:
Intestinal Diseases in Horses and Foals
Recently, the epidemiology of PHF has been shown to involve a trematode vector. Etiology and Pathogenesis:
Clinical Findings and Lesions:
Clostridia-associated Enterocolitis
Infiltrative Colonic Disease
Diarrheal Disease in Foals Foal Heat Diarrhea:
Bacterial Diarrhea in Foals:
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Toxicosis
Laboratory Findings in Diseases of the Ruminant Stomach:
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis.
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Porcine Proliferative Enteritis (Porcine intestinal adenomatosis, Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, Ileitis)
Etiology and Pathogenesis:
Etiology and Pathogenesis:
Streptococcus dispar Enteritis
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
Etiology and Pathogenesis:
Common Pathogens, Allergens, and Toxic Substances Present in Inhaled Air
Feline Caliciviral Disease
PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND BRONCHI
Laryngeal Paralysis in Horses
Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Some Responses of the Lung to Injury
LOBAR (FIBRINOUS) PNEUMONIA
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THE PLEURA AND THE THORACIC CAVITY
Portals of Entry into the Respiratory System
SECONDARY (METASTATIC) LUNG TUMORS
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VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
Causes of Myocardial Necrosis in Animals
PHYSICAL INJURIES AND SHOCK
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Ventricular septal defects
Persistent Right Aortic Arch
Outflow Tract Obstructions
Causes of Lymphoid Atrophy
Response of the Lymph Node to Injury
ATROPHIC CHANGES Lymphoid atrophy
Response of Lymphoid Nodule to Injury
Cause of death due to renal failure:
Causes of acute tubular necrosis
The Lower Urinary Tract Ureter, urinary bladder: urethra Urethral aplasia (agenesis) - rare
Cystitis - inflammation of the urinary bladder
Portals of Entry to the Kidney
METABOLIC PROCESSING IN RENAL TUBULES
Renal Responses to Injury
Common Nephrotoxins of Domestic Animals
Nonrenal Lesions of Uremia
Highlights on the urinary system
C. Polycystic Kidneys V condition may be associated with hepatic biliary cysts
seen concurrently and precipitate renal insufficiency Lesions:
large, firm, nonpainful mass located in the area of the kidneys.
B. Miscellaneous Ureteral Anomalies Ureterocele
Three. Bladder Anomalies A. Urachal Remnants
Two. Urachal diverticulum
B. Miscellaneous Bladder Anomalies
D. Immune-mediated glomerulonephropathy
E. Primary glomerular disease
F. Familial glomerulopathies
H. Renal Tubular Acidosis
III. Infectious diseases of Large Animals
B. Porcine Cystitis-pyelonephritis Complex
IV. Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Small Animals
C. Interstitial Nephritis
D. Capillaria plica Infection
E. Giant Kidney Worm Infection in Mink and Dogs
Urolithiasis in Ruminants
VI. Primary Malignant Renal Neoplasms (except nephroblastomas)
1. Nephroblastomas (embryonal nephroma, Wilms' tumor)
2. Transitional cell carcinomas
V Other primary malignant renal neoplasms
VII. Neoplasms of the Lower Urinary Tract
VIII. Disorders of Micturition
II. Basic response to injuries
a. Partial demyelination and its causes
c. Dysmyelination and its causes
Necrosis of neurons (Nerve Cell Bodies)
Demyelination of nerve fibers results from:
CONCUSSION AND COMPRESSION
Coup contusion- impact site location of lesion.
Three. ENCEPHALITIS AND ENCEPHALOMALACIA
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e. Deficiency Vitamin A deficiency
Portals of Entry into the Central Nervous System
Defense Mechanisms against Injury and Infectious Agents in the central nervous system.
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Encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis. Encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis.
Response of muscle to injury
Atrophy. disuse, neurogenic: loss of two-thirds of muscle mass in two to three weeks.
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Rhabdomyoma - benign Rhabdomyosarcoma - malignant
Abnormalities of growth and development
Metabolic bone diseases - have a nutritional and/or endocrine basis
C. rickets: inadequate mineralization in young
Osteomalacia: adult form of the disease - physis are closed
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Defense Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle
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Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is
Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses
Retained Ulnar Cartilage Cores
Scottish Fold Osteodystrophy
Arthropathies in Large Animals Arthritis
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Subchondral Cystic Lesions
Septic Arthritis (Infective arthritis) Etiology and Epidemiology:
Fistulous Withers and Poll Evil
Histological Review of the Integument
Exogenous Factors Affecting the Skin:
Callus - thickened area due to friction.
Intertrigo (skin fold dermatitis)
Pyoderma - cutaneous bacterial infections.
Parasitic Infestations Ectoparasites
Erythema - redness of skin due to congestion of capillaries.
Lichenoid - two meanings: one clinical, one histopathologic.
Macule - flat, circumscribed lesion of altered skin lesion
Paronychia - inflammation of skin around the nails.
Seborrhea - nonspecific term for signs of scaling, crusting and greasiness.
Spongiosis - intercellular edema creating sponge-like skin appearance.
Urticaria - vascular reaction in dermis consisting of transient wheals (hives).
Cutaneous Fungal Infections
SUBCUTANEOUS (USUALLY LIMITED TO CUTANEOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, SOMETIMES LYMPHATICS)
SYSTEMIC (USUALLY PULMONARY PORTAL OF ENTRY, BUT CAN AFFECT DERMIS AND SUBCUTIS)
Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Cutaneous Parasitic Infestations
Differential Diagnoses of Selected Patterns That Can Be Recognized Clinically and Histologically
Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Hypersensitivity or Autoimmune Diseases
Examples of Pattern Diagnosis in the Skin
Highlights on Integumentary System
Ulcerative Dermatosis of Sheep: (Lip and leg ulceration, Venereal balanoposthitis and vulvitis)
Etiology, Clinical Findings, and Diagnosis:
Normal mammalian chromosomes;
Abnormalities of Gonadal Sex Hermaphrodites - have both ovarian and testicular tissue
Abnormalities of Phenotypic sex
Embryonic and Fetal death
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Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
Defenses of the Female Reproductive System
Common Syndromes of Abnormal Sexual Development. Portals of Entry into the Mammary Gland.
Portals of Entry into the Female Reproductive System, Especially the Uterus.
PATHOLOGY OF THE EYE AND EAR.
Components of the eye (ocular apparatus).
ADNEXA OF THE EYE. Eyelids.
C. Nictitating Membrane. Anomalies of the Globe.
CORNEA. Anomalies of the Cornea.
GLAUCOMA- characterized by high intraocular fluid pressure, optic disc lesion and eventual loss of vision.
EYELIDS BLEPHARITIS - inflammation of the eyelids
LACRIMAL APPARATUS Sialodacryoadenitis-inflammation of the lacrimal gland
NEOPLASMS Conjunctival or corneal neoplasms
Techniques for Erythron Evaluation:
RBC Morphological Assessment:
Anemia - decrease in the number of RBCs, or hemoglobin, or both
Polycythemia - increase in number of RBCs to more than or above normal
Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
Physiologic factors to be considered in the interpretation of leukocyte counts:
Leukopenia - decrease in number of leukocytes below the normal values; due to:
Leukocytosis - is an increase in the number of leukocytes above the normal upper limit; due to:
Lymphopenia may be caused by:
Monocytosis may be caused by:
Eosinopenia may be due to:
Eosinophilia is seen in the following conditions:
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Bone Marrow Findings in Diseases:
HEMOSTASIS AND COAGULATION
Clot Retraction - retraction of formed dot is influenced by:
Clot Retraction is Impaired in:
Common Erythrocyte Morphologic Abnormalities
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF HEPATIC DISORDERS
Hepatocellular enzymes: leakage enzymes
Four. Lactate dehydrogenase, L D H: found in liver and many other tissues, not SPECIFIC for
Five. Glutamate dehydrogenase, G L D H:
Assessment of biliary disorders: cholestatic disease, impaired bile flow
One. Serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP or ALP or AP)
Assessment of hepatic uptake, conjugation, and secretion function: bilirubin and jaundice
b) Causes of hyperbilirubinemia
D) Hyperbilirubinemia in large animals
Assessment of hepatic function: portal clearance, synthetic function and phagocytic function
A. Metabolism of bile acids:
Factors that affect metabolism and measurement of bile acids
C. Causes of increased serum bile acid
c. Causes of increased ammonia
Three. Bile acids versus ammonia
Four. Dye studies: bromosulfophthalein
b. Assessment of hepatic synthetic function
Two. Substances synthesized by the liver (limited to those routinely measured)
a. Complete blood count: may exhibit one or more of the following depending on the specific disease present.
a. Tests dependent upon hepatic secretions and excretions.
Indications for Serum Bilirubin Determination:
b. Bile Pigments in Urine
b. Tests based on specific Biochemical Functions:
C. Tests Dependent on the Measurement of Serum Enzyme Activity:
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Function of the Pancreas and Digestive Tract
Transitory Hyperglycemia may be associated with:
Decreased Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia) can be seen in animals:
b. High-Dose Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test - one gram glucose per kilogram body weight. Pancreatic Function Tests - exocrine pancreatic disease assumes two forms:
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Defense Mechanisms against Injury and Infectious Agents
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BARRIER
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Urea, Glucose, and Ammonia:
Dye Excretion and Clearance Tests:
c. Laboratory Examination of Urinary Disorders
One. History and physical examination
Three. Renal function tests
One. Physical features (gross inspection)
Three. Chemical analysis (stix)
Three. Turbidity: normal urine - clear most species; horse cloudy.
Four. Color: intensity varies with urine volume.
Two. Interpretation of specific gravity:
c. Specific gravity of glomerular filtrate is one point zero zero eight to one point zero one two.
D) Chemical analysis: Urine pH.
Two. Method (fresh sample) narrow range pH paper; dip stix.
Four. Causes of increased urine pH.
E) Urine chemistry: Protein.
a. Sulfosalicylic acid test.
Two. Quantitative urine protein.
Four. Interpretation (semiquantitative)
F) Urine chemistry: Glucose
Two. Normal: no detectable glucose in urine renal threshold: one hundred eighty milligrams per deciliter most species
Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
G) Urine chemistry: Ketones
Two. Ketonuria: does not indicate renal disease; occurs with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism.
H) Urine chemistry: Bilirubin
Three. Interpretation: Specific gravity must be considered to determine significance
b. bilirubinuria will precede hyperbilirubinemia
Three. Positive reaction:
differentiation of heme pigments in urine:
B) Normal urine: minimal sediment
D) Components of urine sediments
Veterinary Pathology Supplemental Materials
EVALUATION OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
Six. Decreased blood urea nitrogen concentration:
Seven. Increased blood urea nitrogen concentration:
E) Increased creatinine concentration
Laboratory diagnosis of azotemia
E) Other laboratory changes associated with renal dysfunction
Storage and Preservation of Urine Samples
Gross Examination of Urine
Two. Urine Color - depends on the concentration of urochromes present.
Chemical Examination of Urine
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d. Pathology and Laboratory Examination of Endocrine System
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DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
Three. Other (formerly) Type Three or secondary diabetes mellitus
B. Occurrence of diabetes mellitus
c. Pathophysiology of clinical signs:
d. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Three. Minimum database performed to detect concurrent or complicating disorders
c. Urinalysis and urine culture.
Causes of hyperglycemia in the dog and cat.
Four. Additional tests to diagnose diabetes and monitor therapeutic response.
Reflects blood glucose levels over the previous one to three weeks.
c. Baseline insulin levels:
d. Provocative testing (intravenous glucose tolerance test, glucagon tolerance test, arginine response test).
Five. Glucometers: FOR YOUR INFORMATION ONLY.
Six. Additional tests to diagnose diabetes and monitor therapeutic response.
A Pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis
Test Results in DKA patient
B. Signalment, history, signs, and physical findings Signalment one.
Two. History and Symptoms:
II. Hepatic (decreased glucose synthesis)
III. Substrate (decreased intake or excess utilization)
IV Artifact and laboratory error (delayed serum separation)
Two. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas
Three. Inflammation and necrosis
Three. Serum lipase activity
Four. Serum trypsin Primary Hyperfunction of an Endocrine Gland
Five. Electrolyte abnormalities are
Seven. Hyperglycemia - transient or persistent if diabetes mellitus is a sequel