ACTUS REUS: THE CONDUCT ELEMENT
Two. ACTUS REUS: THE CONDUCT ELEMENT
Two. THE VOLUNTARY ACT REQUIREMENT ‘requirement’
Crimes that cannot be committed by omission
When the defendant is under a duty to act
Ownership or control of property
Distinguishing between omissions and acts
Two point two SITUATIONAL OFFENCES
Two point three LIABILITY FOR THE ACTS OF OTHER PEOPLE
Three point one FACTUAL OR 'BUT FOR' CAUSATION
Three point two THE KEY TEST FOR LEGAL CAUSATION
Three point three ACTS OF THIRD PARTIES BREAKING THE CHAIN OF CAUSATION
A free, voluntary, and informed act
Two. Actus Reus: The Conduct Element
Rendering the defendant's action no longer an operating and substantial cause
Three point four OMISSIONS OF THIRD PARTIES BREAKING THE CHAIN OF CAUSATION
Three point five ACTS OF THE VICTIM BREAKING THE CHAIN
Two ACTUS REUS: THE CONDUCT ELEMENT | One hundred one
Three point six THE THIN SKULL' RULE
Three point seven A NATURAL EVENT ('ACTS OF GOD')
Three point eight INTENDED RESULTS
Two ACTUS REUS: THE CONDUCT ELEMENT
Four CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES
Two ACTUS REUS: THE CONDUCT ELEMENT
Five point one WHY MIGHT THE LAW HAVE A VOLUNTARY ACT REQUIREMENT?
Five point two WHAT IS THE VOLUNTARY ACT REQUIREMENT?
The traditional view: acts as 'willed voluntary movements'
One. Preliminary Overview of the Act Requirement
Alternatives to the traditional view
Six point one SHOULD THE CRIMINAL LAW PUNISH OMISSIONS?
Arguments against criminalizing omissions
Two. Refuting the Justifications for Bad Samaritan Laws
Arguments in favour of punishing omissions
(a) "Special" relationships of care: judging motherhood
(b) Voluntary undertaking of responsibility: of choice and coercion
Seven point one. ARGUMENTS AGAINST HOLDING PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS
Seven point two. ARGUMENTS THAT CONSEQUENCES DO MATTER
Action reasons and outcome reasons
The importance of consequences to our humanity
Eight point one 'CAUSAL MINIMALISM'
Eight point two HART AND HONORÉ
Eight point three REASONABLE FORESEEABILITY
Eight point four NATURAL CONSEQUENCES
Eight point five Narrowness of Causation Approach
Liberal Principles for the Imputation of Causation