NEP one hundred one - MIDTERMS
NEP one hundred one - MIDTERMS
SCIENCE - Organized body of knowledge gained through research. SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
- Observation
- Gathering Data
- Forming hypothesis
- Experimental investigation
- Conclusion / theoretical explanation
NURSING SCIENCE - The substantive, discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human-universe-health process articulated in the nursing frameworks and theories.
PHILOSOPHY - Concerned with the purpose of human life, the nature of being and reality, and the theory and limits of knowledge.
NURSING PHILOSOPHY - Refers to the belief system or worldview of the profession and provides perspectives for practice, scholarship, and research.
KNOWLEDGE - Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through formal or informal learning.
PRINCIPLE - A proposition or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation.
PHENOMENON - Aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced.
THEORY - A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of a phenomena.
NURSING THEORIES - Are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it. It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level.
CONCEPT - Called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
MODELS - Are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They present an overview of the theory's thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - Group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with grand theories.
PROPOSITIONS - are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts.
DOMAIN - Is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline.
PROCESSES - Are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result. PARADIGM - Refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system.
METAPARADIGM - Is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.
Person - Refers to the individual or the patient receiving care. It recognizes that each person is unique and encompasses physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions.
Environment - Refers to the context in which nursing care takes place. It includes both the physical surroundings and the social and cultural factors that influence a person's health.
Health - Central concept in nursing. It goes beyond the absence of illness and encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being.
Nursing - Encompasses nurses' actions, roles, and responsibilities. It encompasses the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to provide care to individuals, families, and communities.
Abstract Concepts - Defined as mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place.
Concrete Concepts - Are directly experienced and related to a particular time or place.
Theoretical Definitions - Define a particular concept based on the theorist's perspective.
Operational Definitions - States how concepts are measured.
Relational Statements - The relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to one another.
Assumptions - Accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs.
Grand Nursing Theories - Are abstract, broad in scope, and complex, therefore requiring further research for clarification. Do not guide specific nursing interventions but rather provide a general framework and nursing ideas.
Florence Nightingale - Environmental Theory
Dorothea Orem - Self-Care Deficit Theory
Sister Callista Roy - Adaptation Model
Middle-Range Nursing Theories - More limited in scope and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction.
Hildegard Peplau - Interpersonal Relations Theory
Madeleine Leininger - Transcultural Nursing Theory
Katharine Kolcaba - Comfort Theory
Practice-Level Nursing Theories - Are situation-specific theories that are narrow in scope and focus on a specific patient population at a specific time.
Swanson's Theory of Caring
Mercer's Maternal Role Attainment Theory
Ruland and Moore's Peaceful End-of-Life Theory
Descriptive Theories - First level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its properties and components in which it occurs.
There are two types of descriptive theories: factor-isolating theory and explanatory theory.
One. Factor-Isolating Theory - Also known as category-formulating or labeling theory. Theories under this category describe the properties and dimensions of phenomena.
Two. Explanatory Theory - Describe and explain the nature of relationships of certain phenomena to other phenomena.
Prescriptive Theories - Address the nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences. Includes propositions that call for change.
Needs-Based Theories - Theories under this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs.
Interaction Theories - These theories emphasized nursing on the establishment and maintenance of relationships. They highlighted the impact of nursing on patients and how they interact with the environment, people, and situations.
Outcome Theories - These theories describe the nurse as controlling and directing patient care using their knowledge of the human physiological and behavioral systems.
Illness - Is a state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience.
Disease - An alteration in body function resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.
Classification of diseases
Classification of diseases
Hereditary - due to defect in the genes of one or other parent which is transmitted to the offspring
Congenital - due to a defect in the development, hereditary factors, or prenatal infection
Metabolic - due to disturbances or abnormality in the intricate processes of metabolism.
Deficiency - results from inadequate intake or absorption of essential dietary factors.
Traumatic- due to injury
Allergic - due to abnormal response of the body to chemical and protein substances or to physical stimuli.
Neoplastic - due to abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cell.
Idiopathic - cause is unknown; self-originated; of spontaneous origin
Degenerative - results from the degenerative changes that occur in the tissue and organs.
Iatrogenic - results from the treatment of the disease
Acute Illness - An acute illness usually has a short duration and is severe.
Chronic Illness - chronic illness usually longer than six months, and can also affect functioning in any dimension.
Remission- periods during which the disease is controlled and symptoms are not obvious.
Exacerbations - The disease becomes more active given again at a future time, with recurrence of pronounced symptoms.
Sub-Acute - Symptoms are pronounced but more prolonged than the acute disease.