Public Administration Primary Lecture Notes

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Public Administration Primary Lecture Notes

Definitions of Public Administration

Public Administration is the organization and management of men and materials to achieve the purposes of government. Public administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state.

According to Gerald Calden, Public Administration:

· Public Administration is a cooperative group effort in public setting

· Covers all three branches, executive, legislative and judicial and their interrelationships.

· Has an important role in the formulation of public policy and is thus part of the political process

· Public Administration is more important than, and also different in significant ways from private administration

· As a field of study and practice, has been much influenced in recent years by the human relations approach

· Is closely related with numerous private groups and individuals in providing services to the community

Brian Fry: Public administration is policymaking. But it is not autonomous, exclusive or isolated policymaking. It is policymaking on a field where mighty forces contend, forces engendered in and by the society. It is policymaking subject to still other and various policymakers. Public administration is one of a number of basic political processes by which this people achieves and controls governance.

David Rosenbloom: Public administration is the action part of government. The means by which the purposes and goals of government are realized. Public Administration as a field is mainly concerned with the means for implementing political values. It can be best identified with the executive branch.

It differs from political science in its emphasis on bureaucratic structure and behavior and its methodologies. It differs from administrative science in the evaluative techniques used by nonprofit organizations are considerably less constrained in considering public interest in their decision-making structures and the behavior of their administrators.

According to Raul de Guzman: From a very broad perspective, public administration may be viewed to refer not only to those activities in carrying out or implementing the policies and programs of the government but also to the process and contents of these policies and programs. From an even broader perspective, public administration may refer to cooperative human action whether within the public bureaucracy, the private sector or in NGOs aimed at delivering services to the people.

Public administration has experienced constant, almost periodic episodes of re-examination in the course of its struggle for academic acceptance.

Public administration: an eclectic field, interdisciplinary: methodologies and techniques of organization theory, sociology, anthropology, economics, law, business administration and psychology.

Understanding public administration: expansion of the concept-study of institutions limited to the executive branch to the dynamics of administrative processes in the legislative and judicial departments; internal affairs and operations of government to impact of government administration on the public; operations of government to one that has become a distinct field of study.

Definitions of Public Administration: Simon, Smithburg and Thomson: "influenced by the Wilsonian tradition, activities of the bureaucracy and executive branch that includes the implementation of public policy and maintenance of government. Public administration to the activities of the executive branches of national, state, and local governments, independent boards and commissions and other certain agencies of a specialized character".

Integration of various fields of public administration: the use of managerial, political and legal theories and processes to fulfill legislative, executive and judicial governmental mandates for the provision of regulatory and service functions for the society as a whole or for some segments of it.

Its purpose is to promote a superior understanding of government and its relationship with the society it governs, as well as encourage public policies more responsive to social needs. It seeks to institute managerial practices attuned to effectiveness, efficiency and fulfillment of deeper human requisites of the citizenry - focus on the responsibility of public administration to society, community's response to social problems which require collective and not individual resolution through some form of public intervention.

There are no core issues but no core theory, justifying itself and to the bigger community in general.

French magistrate Alexander Tocqueville, May eighteen thirty-one - study of the American penal system. In his work- Democracy in America eighteen thirty-five and eighteen forty, emphasis on the inner workings of American democracy and its viability of its system of government. Public administration was not taken seriously as a subject for study; public administration is limited to oral and traditional terms.

President Andrew Jackson-democratization of jobs in the civil service, open to all segments of society. Jacksonian democracy-federal positions are regarded as simple operations, public employment as a reward rotated among citizens on the basis of their political loyalties. In eighteen eighty-one Charles Guiteau failed to secure an appointment for a consulship in Paris and assassinated President James Garfield.

Emergence of the progressive movement-led to the professionalization of the civil service with the passage of the Pendleton Act of eighteen eighty-three-the institution of merit system in the civil service.

Eighteen eighty-seven: Woodrow Wilson "The Study of Administration" - the separation of politics from administration and developing a science on administrative practices

The politics/administration dichotomy was acknowledged by Leonard White's "Introduction to public administration" in nineteen twenty-six

Nineteen thirties: the application of scientific process to the administrative process

Other studies: William Willoughby's series - "The introduction to the study of government of modern states" (nineteen nineteen); "The reorganization of the administrative branch of government" (nineteen twenty-five); and "The principles of public administration" (nineteen twenty-seven).

Scientific principles to work methods and the one best way approach of doing things by Frederick Taylor: less wastage and inefficiency at the shop room level. The objective is to increase predictive values to account for the fluid nature of the administrative phenomena.

Herbert Simon: "The Proverbs of Administration" advocated a systems theory built by Barnard's "Functions of the Executive". According to Simon, decision making was at the heart of the managerial process, POSDCORB did not epitomize the real managerial function. Incisive studies of the decision process, which would later be reincarnated in studies of public policy making.

Public administration as political science - focus on the political process

Public administration as an eclectic field

Psychologists began to offer new perspectives in understanding the behavioral dynamics of administration.

Sociology: bureaucracy contains dysfunctions expressed through a reward system that encourages conformity to precision and rules

Public Choice model: adoption of economic theory in decision-making and operations of research based techniques.

administration in establishing the character of the discipline. It made the discipline self conscious, integration of thoughts accumulated in the order of paradigms.

Public Administration attention to policy issues and concerns-policy analysis. In the nineteen eighties, through privatization, total quality management and contracting services - reinventing government.

The development of each phase may be characterized by locus or focus. Locus is the institutional "where" of the field, while Focus is the specialized "what" of the field. When one has been relatively sharply defined, the other has been relatively ignored in academic circles.

Paradigm One: The Politics/Administration Dichotomy nineteen hundred to nineteen twenty-six

· Goodnow-"Politics has to do with policies or expressions of the will while administration has to do with the execution of these policies"

· Locus-public administration should center in the government's bureaucracy

· Public administration was a clear and significant subfield of political science and political science departments are places in which public administrations train

· Analytical territory between public administrators and political scientists-emphasis on organizational theory, budgeting and personnel.

Paradigm Two: The Principles of Administration nineteen twenty-seven to nineteen thirty-seven

Two point one The Challenge nineteen thirty-eight to nineteen fifty: Chester Barnard - "The Functions of the Executive"

Two point two. The Reaction to the Challenge, nineteen forty-seven to nineteen fifty

Paradigm three: Public Administration as Political Science, nineteen fifty to nineteen seventy

Paradigm four: Public Administration as Administrative Science, nineteen fifty-six to nineteen seventy

Paradigm five: Public administration as public administration, nineteen seventy onwards

One. POSDCORB Orthodoxy, nineteen twenty-six to nineteen forty-six, planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting

Two. Social Science Heterodoxy

Three. Reassertion of Democratic Idealism, nineteen sixty-eight

Legacies:

Four. The Refounding Movement (nineteen eighty-nine to present day)

Classical and Neo Classical Public Administration:

The Bureaucratic Model: Max Weber

Characteristics of the Bureaucratic Model:

Key concepts on the bureaucracy:

Dysfunctions of the bureaucracy:

The Beginnings of Public Administrative Theories:

Politics and Administration Dichotomy

The Scientific Management School

Key concepts:

Limitations:

Administrative Management:

Fayol's fourteen principles of administrative management:

Administrative Management and Organizational Structure

Contrasting views of Leonard White: against increased centralization

The Rational Model of Organization

Elton Mayo: The Hawthorne Experiments

Chester Barnard: The functions of the Executive

Frederick Hertzberg: The Motivation Hygiene Theory

New Public Administration

New Public Management

Reengineering Government by Michael Hammer and James Champy:

Characteristics of the Reengineering Process:

Changes that occur in reengineering:

Reinventing Government by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler

Premises/beliefs in reinventing government:

Ten Principles of Reinventing Government:

Critiques:

Reengineering:

Reinventing government

Conclusion:

Theories of Public Institutions

Characteristics of Institutionalism:

Features of high reliability systems

The diffusion of innovation - core body of research in institutional theory

Hypotheses on the patterns of diffusion:

Postmodern Theory

Core ideas in postmodern public administration:

Rational Choice Theory

The Political Environment: The Concept of Administrative Power "Power and Administration" by Norton Long

Effective Management: The Concept of Effective Public Organizations

Philippine Administrative Systems

Components of the Philippine Administrative System:

Sources of power of the PAS:

Stages of the Capability Building Process:

Output of the capability building process:

Political and Administrative Accountability

Four types of accountability:

Code of Ethics for Public Officials: RA six seven one three Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees

PAs structure

Budget preparation

The Philippine Civil Service

Criteria for the creation of Local Government Units based on the nineteen ninety-one Local Government Code

The Local Government Code

Decentralization

Privatization:

Alternative mechanisms for service delivery

Future projections:

Focus on determining an effective response:

Overview

This document consists of primary lecture notes on Public Administration, detailing its definitions, roles, and the evolution of the field through various paradigms and theories. It emphasizes the importance of Public Administration in policymaking and its relationship with society.

Key Points

1Public Administration is essential for the implementation of public policies
2It is an interdisciplinary field influenced by multiple theories and methodologies
3The evolution of Public Administration is shaped by historical and political contexts
4Understanding the relationship between government and society is critical for effective governance
5The field continues to adapt and redefine itself over time.

Details

Authors: Dr. Danilo Reyes, Richard Stillman
Category: Education

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