GENERAL SOCIOLOGY 2nd year Midterm Reviewer

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GENERAL SOCIOLOGY Second year Midterm Reviewer

Sociology: Definition, Perspectives, and Foundations

A scientific lens for understanding human society-how it forms, functions, and changes.

The "Why Now?" Moment: Europe's Social Upheaval Four seismic forces pushed people to question how society works and demanded new ways of understanding it:

Enlightenment: Reason over tradition; questioning inherited authority

American Revolution: New models of liberty and self-governance

French Revolution: Class upheaval and the demand for equality

Industrial Revolution: Rapid urbanization, new social problems, and shifting class structures

From Social Change to a New Science

In eighteen thirty-eight, Auguste Comte coined the term sociology in print, urging that society be studied with the same rigor as the natural sciences.

Social Statics: What holds society together-stability and order

Social Dynamics: How and why societies change over time

Sociology is the systematic, scientific study of human societies and social behavior-examining how groups, organizations, and institutions shape everyday life.

Systematic Study: Evidence-based inquiry, not intuition-patterns tested and verified

Social Relationships: How individuals connect, interact, and form bonds within communities

Institutions: How schools, governments, and families structure behavior and opportunity

The Sociological Imagination

Two Lenses on Scale:

Macrosociology:

Why Both Matter:

Three Classic Perspectives

Founding Thinkers: The Intellectual Toolbox

How Sociology Builds Evidence

Foundations Meet the Present

Introduction

The Foundations of Sociology

Definitions by Key Classical Thinkers

The Sociological Imagination (Sociological Perspective)

Structures, Institutions, and Agency

Historical Foundations: Why Sociology Emerged

Theoretical Foundations: The Big Three Paradigms

Conclusions and Summary

The Sociological Imagination

Core Concept

Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

Conflict Theory

Symbolic Interactionism

Early Sociology in the Philippines

The Indigenization Movement (Mid-20th Century)

The Crucial Distinction: Troubles vs. Issues

Personal Troubles

Public Issues

The Sociological Imagination: Example number one

The Sociological Imagination Overview and Key Concepts

Three Real-World Examples

Understanding Culture

The Two Main Components of Culture

Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism

Ethnocentrism:

Comparison Table (Cultural Mindsets):

Core Concepts: Values and Norms

Beliefs about what is important to individuals and society as a whole (a belief about how something should be).

Norms versus Values Breakdown:

Types of Social Norms

Sociological Analysis of Filipino Values

Four. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude):

Five. Bayanihan (Communal Unity):

Ethnocentrism in Evaluating Filipino Values

○ Elements of Culture: Religion, Social Structure, Language, Education, Political Philosophy, Economic Philosophy.

The Impact of Globalization on Culture

One. Cultural Homogenization ("McWorld"):

Two. Cultural Heterogenization ("Glocalization") & Hybridization:

Three. Cultural Lag:

THE SELF, INTERACTION AND CONFORMITY

The Looking-Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley):

Socialization:

Primary Agents of Socialization:

Social Interaction:

○ Core Forms of Social Interaction:

Key Theoretical Perspectives:

Definition: The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms or politics.

Types of Conformity:

Classic Sociological Experiments on Conformity:

Theoretical Perspectives on Conformity:

Socialization

Key Stages of Socialization:

Main Agents of Socialization:

Evolution of Socialization:

Social Interaction and Norms:

The Four Types of Social Norms:

Elements of Social Interaction:

Sociological Perspective on Interaction:

Socialization and Construction of Identity:

Core Theories of Social Identity:

Key Dimensions of Constructed Identity:

Nature versus Nurture in Identity:

Groups and Organizations in Sociology

Types of Social Groups:

Types of Formal Organizations (Amitai Etzioni):

Bureaucracy and Rationalization:

Group Dynamics, Conformity, and Leadership:

○ Group Size (George Simmel):

Leadership:

○ Leadership Functions:

o Leadership Styles:

Social Inequality

Core Dimensions of Social Inequality

○ Dimension / Primary Focus / Key Theoretical Authority / Core Argument Table:

Universal Drivers

Global trends comparing different continents

Key Regional Trends Breakdown

Social Inequality in the Philippines

.Key Measures of Inequality and Main Causes

Economic Inequalities:

Social Inequalities:

Conformity, Deviance, and Social Control

Concept of Conformity and Deviance

What is Deviance?

What is Social Control?

Key Theories

Core Mechanisms: Sanctions

Formal Social Control

Informal Social Control

Internal vs. External Control

Formal Sanctions Detailed

Informal Sanctions Detailed

Sanctions in Digital Era

The Rise of Cyber-Subcultures:

O Theory

Answers and Rationales:

Overview

The midterm reviewer provides an overview of foundational sociology concepts, exploring the interplay between individual experiences and societal structures. It highlights critical perspectives and research methods essential for understanding social behavior and issues.

Key Points

1Sociology examines how social structures shape individual behavior
2The sociological imagination connects personal troubles to public issues
3Key perspectives include functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism
4Founding thinkers like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx laid the foundation for modern sociology
5Modern sociology addresses contemporary challenges like digital divides and economic shifts

Details

Category: Social Sciences

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