Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration

Summary

Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.

Key Points

• 1The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items relevant to the reporting of observational studies
• 2It aims to improve the clarity of study designs and findings for readers
• 3The document provides examples and explanations for each checklist item to guide authors
• 4It addresses the common types of observational studies: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional
• 5Recommendations are intended to enhance the evaluation and dissemination of observational research results.

Related articles

• How to Assess the Quality of Qualitative Research

  This article serves as a guide for health care practitioners, educators, and researchers on how to evaluate the quality of qualitative research. It discusses essential characteristics that make a qualitative study high-quality and trustworthy, as well as standards specific to this type of research.

• CHOLEGRAPHY Easy Visual Reviewer - Terms & Definitions Matrix Based on Module

  This document serves as an educational resource on cholegraphy, outlining procedures, indications, contraindications, and care related to the imaging of the biliary system. It is designed as a visual reviewer for learners in health sciences.

• Routine CT Procedures and Related Anatomy Visual Study Reviewer Matrix

  This document serves as a comprehensive reviewer for technologists involved in routine CT examinations, detailing essential procedures, patient preparations, and anatomical landmarks essential for accurate imaging.

• Investigating Genetic Counselors' Inclusion of Sponsored Genetic Testing Programs

  This study aims to investigate genetic counselors' awareness and attitudes toward sponsored genetic testing programs, as well as the factors influencing their decisions to offer these tests to patients. The importance of understanding these dynamics arises amid the growing availability of biopharmaceutical-sponsored genetic tests and the impact of financial considerations on patient access to care.

• Nature-Based Mindfulness: A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Support for Self-Regulation

  This qualitative study investigates how a five-day residential mindfulness program in a natural setting supports self-regulation among university students experiencing stress. Through interviews, the study explores participants' lived experiences and the perceived benefits of the mindfulness retreat.